Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) Are the Potential Immunomodulatory Metabolites in Controlling Staphylococcus aureus-Mediated Mastitis

Abstract

Mastitis is an emerging health concern in animals. An increased incidence of mastitis in dairy cows has been reported in the last few years across the world. It is estimated that up to 20% of cows are suffering from mastitis, causing incompetency in the mucosal immunity and resulting in excessive global economic losses in the dairy industry. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has been reported as the most common bacterial pathogen of mastitis at clinical and sub-clinical levels. Antibiotics, including penicillin, macrolides, lincomycin, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and methicillin, were used to cure S. aureus-induced mastitis. However, S. aureus is resistant to most antibiotics, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) especially has emerged as a critical health concern. MRSA impairs immune homeostasis leaving the host more susceptible to other infections. Thus, exploring an alternative to antibiotics has become an immediate requirement of the current decade. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the potent bioactive metabolites produced by host gut microbiota through fermentation and play a crucial role in host/pathogen interaction and could be applied as a potential therapeutic agent against mastitis. The purpose of this review is to summarize the potential mechanism by which SCFAs alleviate mastitis, providing the theoretical reference for the usage of SCFAs in preventing or curing mastitis.

Gut Microbiome and Metabolome Modulation by High-Hydrostatic-Pressure-Processed Tomato Juice

“…Staphylococcus is a potentially pathogenic bacterium, and studies found that Staphylococcus increased in the gut of inflammatory bowel disease and chronic rheumatic disease patients compared with ordinary people [ 45 ]. SCFAs can decrease Staphylococcus aureus internalization in the mammary glands [ 46 ]. Thus, the higher abundance of Alistipes might have promoted the accumulation of SCFAs, which, in turn, led to the lower abundance of Staphylococcus in mice administered with HHP-processed tomato juice.…”

IL-17A inhibitors alleviate Psoriasis with concomitant restoration of intestinal/skin microbiota homeostasis and altered microbiota function

“…Modulation of TCA cycle activity may provide Staphylococcus with a survival advantage during infection ( 66 , 67 ). Inactivation of aconitase (CitB) leads to downregulation of the TCA cycle, thereby preventing maximal expression of virulence factors and altering the interaction between Staphylococcus and its host ( 68 – 70 ). Therefore, we hypothesize that Staphylococcus may exert its virulence effects by modulating the activity of the TCA cycle, ultimately contributing to the development of psoriatic skin lesions.…”

Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Lactobacilli-Based Teat Detergents for the Microbiota of Cows Teats Using an Untargeted Metabolomics Approach

“…It is possible that the elevation of FFA is an element of the non-specific immune response to pathogen-associated lactational mastitis. It is notable that previous studies demonstrated that the potency of these compounds varies among bacterial strains [ 25 ]. Carnitine metabolism is another metabolic pathway that was up-regulated from 0 to 10 d in this study.…”