Short‐chain fatty acids affect the development of inflammatory bowel disease through intestinal barrier, immunology, and microbiota: A promising therapy?

Abstract

Intestinal metabolites are attracting increasing interest, especially more and more studies have found they are closely related to diseases. Microbial fermentation of indigestible dietary fibers in the gut produces short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as the main product. SCFAs can exert influences on the integrity of the intestinal epithelial and mucosal barrier, immune reactions, and the diversity of microbiota in humans. Thus, alteration in SCFAs may affect inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In IBD, SCFAs are involved in the main pathogenic process and play an important role in the development of intestinal inflammation. Although many studies have proved that pretreatment with SCFAs can effectively ameliorate inflammation in the gut, the mechanisms are not fully understood. In this review, we describe the relationship between SCFAs and IBD from the aspects of defense barrier, immune effects, and microbial alterations. We also summarize the effects of SCFAs on comorbidities in IBD via the gut-brain, gut-liver, and gut-lung axis, and we give an overview of the prospects of their clinical application. A better understanding of the relevance of SCFAs in IBD may reveal novel targets for future study

Sodium Butyrate Regulates Gasdermin B Exerted Protection Effect on the MTX‐Induced NCM460 and Hum Cells

“…This finding is in line with the study which described a connection between SCFAs and IBD in various aspects such as the defensive barrier, effects on immunity, and alterations in the microbial environment. [ 31 ] This suggests that NaB may promote the integrity of the epithelial barrier, which is often compromised in IBD patients. Finally, we demonstrated that silencing of GSDMB reduced cell viability and impaired cell migration and invasion, and these effects were reversed by NaB treatment.…”

The multifaceted virulence of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli

“…The metabolic plasticity of AIEC includes the consumption of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), 28 an important class of metabolites that is cardinal to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. 84 , 85 In addition to being the preferred energy source for colonocytes, 86 SCFAs lower the inflammatory tone of the gut. 84 For example, butyrate, and less efficiently propionate, can inhibit histone deacetylases promoting the differentiation of Foxp3 + T regulatory cells, known to suppress inflammation.…”

Potential Ability of Probiotics in the Prevention and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer

“…They modulate TJs by inducing increased expression of claudin-1 and ZO-1 and decreased expression of osmotic-promoting claudin-2, thereby affecting the gut Road barrier. 37 Sodium butyrate can enhance the intestinal epithelial barrier by regulating the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the phosphorylation of myosin II-regulated light chain (MLC2), thereby promoting TJ reorganization. 24 Another important factor for SCFAs in maintaining the epithelial barrier is hypoxia-inducible factor.…”