Short chain chito-oligosaccharides promote arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in Medicago truncatula

Volpe, Veronica; Carotenuto, Gennaro; Berzero, Carlotta; Cagnina, Lavinia; Puech‐Pagès, Virginie; Genre, Andrea

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115505

Cited by 28 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Interestingly, short oligomers of 2 to 5 N-acetyl glucosamine residues, similar to those found in this work, have been reported to actively promote AM colonization (Volpe et al, 2020).…”

Section: Chitin and Chitin-derived Metabolites In Symbiosissupporting

confidence: 87%

“…In arbuscular mycorrhiza, the strong expression of plant chitinases in arbusculated cells, mainly belonging to GH family 18, may reduce the amount of chitin elicitors released by the wall of the symbiotic fungus (Kasprzewska, 2003; Hogekamp et al ., 2011; Grover, 2012). Interestingly, short oligomers of two to five N‐acetyl glucosamine residues, similar to those found in SYMB, have been reported to actively promote AM colonization (Volpe et al ., 2020). Further studies are required to elucidate the involvement of S. vomeracea chitinases during OM symbiosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolomic adjustments in the orchid mycorrhizal fungus Tulasnella calospora during symbiosis with Serapias vomeracea

et al. 2020

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 All orchids rely on mycorrhizal fungi for organic carbon, at least during early development. Orchid seed germination leads in fact to the formation of a protocorm, a heterotrophic postembryonic structure colonized by intracellular fungal coils, thought to be the site for nutrients transfer. The molecular mechanisms underlying mycorrhizal interactions and metabolic changes induced by this peculiar symbiosis in both partners remain mostly unknown.  We studied plant-fungus interactions in the mycorrhizal association between the Mediterranean orchid Serapias vomeracea and the basidiomycete Tulasnella calospora using non-targeted metabolomics. Plant and fungal metabolomes obtained from symbiotic structures were compared with those obtained under asymbiotic conditions.  Symbiosis induced profound metabolomic alterations in both partners. In particular, structural and signaling lipid compounds sharply increased in the external fungal mycelium growing near the symbiotic protocorms, whereas chito-oligosaccharides were identified uniquely in symbiotic protocorms.  This work represents the first description of metabolic changes occurring in orchid mycorrhiza. These results-supported by transcriptomic data-provide novel insights on the mechanisms underlying the orchid mycorrhizal association and open intriguing questions on the role of fungal lipids in this symbiosis.

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“…Interestingly, short oligomers of 2 to 5 N-acetyl glucosamine residues, similar to those found in this work, have been reported to actively promote AM colonization (Volpe et al, 2020).…”

Section: Chitin and Chitin-derived Metabolites In Symbiosissupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomic adjustments in the orchid mycorrhizal fungus Tulasnella calospora during symbiosis with Serapias vomeracea

et al. 2020

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“…In addition, N -acetylglucosamine-based compounds could be exchanged in two directions. Lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) and chitooligosaccharides (COs) are released by germinating spores of AM fungi and stimulate the initiation of the symbiosis via the activation of the common symbiosis signalling pathway and the activation of lateral root formation [ 16 – 18 ]; and a plant exporter of N-acetylglucosamine has been shown to be required for the first steps of the interaction [ 19 ]. Finally, additional, yet unidentified, signals of plant or fungal origin may act prior to root colonization [ 20 – 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytohormone production by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis

et al. 2020

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is a mutualistic interaction between most land plants and fungi of the glomeromycotina subphylum. The initiation, development and regulation of this symbiosis involve numerous signalling events between and within the symbiotic partners. Among other signals, phytohormones are known to play important roles at various stages of the interaction. During presymbiotic steps, plant roots exude strigolactones which stimulate fungal spore germination and hyphal branching, and promote the initiation of symbiosis. At later stages, different plant hormone classes can act as positive or negative regulators of the interaction. Although the fungus is known to reciprocally emit regulatory signals, its potential contribution to the phytohormonal pool has received little attention, and has so far only been addressed by indirect assays. In this study, using mass spectrometry, we analyzed phytohormones released into the medium by germinated spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. We detected the presence of a cytokinin (isopentenyl adenosine) and an auxin (indole-acetic acid). In addition, we identified a gibberellin (gibberellin A 4) in spore extracts. We also used gas chromatography to show that R. irregularis produces ethylene from methionine and the α-keto γ-methylthio butyric acid pathway. These results highlight the possibility for AM fungi to use phytohormones to interact with their host plants, or to regulate their own development.

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“…Particular attention has been paid to the root-exuded strigolactone phytohormones: they stimulate the germination of AM fungal spores, the oxidative metabolism and branching of germinating hyphae, and finally root colonization [12–15]. In addition, N -acetylglucosamine-based compounds could be exchanged in both directions: lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) and chitooligosaccharides (COs) are released by germinating spores of AM fungi and stimulate the initiation of the symbiosis [16–18], and a plant exporter of N-acetylglucosamine has been shown to be required for the first steps of the interaction [19]. Finally, additional, yet unidentified, signals of plant or fungal origin may act prior to root colonization [20–23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytohormone production by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungusRhizophagus irregularis

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Chervin

et al. 2020

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20 * Correspondence to: puech@lrsv.ups-tlse.fr, +33 (0)5 34 32 38 31 (VPP) and frei-dit-21 frey@lrsv.ups-tlse.fr (NFdF), +33 (0)5 34 32 38 60 22 23 Text word count: 5465 24 Number of figure: 3 25 -Fig. 1 Detection by LC-MS of iPR and IAA exuded by R. irregularis spores (colour print) 26 -Fig. 2 GA 4 detection in multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) mode (colour print) HIGLIGHT 31 In this work, we provide for the first time direct experimental evidence, by mass 32 spectrometry and gas chromatography analyses, that the model AM fungus Rhizophagus 33 irregularis produces four different phytohormones. 34 ABSTRACT 35 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a mutualistic interaction between most land 36 plants and fungi of the glomeromycotina subphylum. The initiation, development and regulation 37 of this symbiosis involve numerous signalling events between and within the symbiotic partners. 38 Among other signals, phytohormones are known to play important roles at various stages of the 39 interaction. During presymbiotic steps, plant roots exude strigolactones which stimulate the 40 fungus, and favour the initiation of symbiosis. At later stages, different plant hormone classes 41 can act as positive or negative regulators of the interaction. Although the fungus is known to 42 reciprocally emit regulatory signals, its potential contribution to the phytohormonal pool has 43 received little attention, and has so far only been addressed by indirect assays. In this study, 44 using mass spectrometry, we detected the presence of a cytokinin (isopentenyl-adenosine), an 45 auxin (indole-acetic acid), and a gibberellin (gibberellic acid 4), in germinating spores or 46 exudates of Rhizophagus irregularis. We also used gas chromatography to show that R. 47 irregularis produces ethylene from methionine and the α -keto γ -methylthiobutyric acid (KMBA) 48 pathway. These results highlight the possibility for AM fungi to use phytohormones to interact 49 with their host plants, or to regulate their own development. 50 51 KEYWORDS: 52 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Abscisic acid (ABA) 63 Aminocyclopropane-carboxylate (ACC) 64Aminocyclopropane-carboxylate oxidase (ACO) 65 93 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a 460 million-year-old interaction (Redecker, 94 2000) between glomeromycotina fungi and over 70% of land plants (Brundrett and Tedersoo, 95 2018). In angiosperms, AM fungi colonize the inner root cortex of their host to develop 96 intracellular ramified structures called arbuscules. These arbuscules are the main site for nutrient 97 exchange between the plant and the fungus. AM fungi provide their host plant with water and 98 minerals, in return for photosynthetic carbon (mainly sugars and lipids) (Smith and Read, 2008; 99

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Short chain chito-oligosaccharides promote arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in Medicago truncatula

Cited by 28 publications

References 48 publications

Metabolomic adjustments in the orchid mycorrhizal fungus Tulasnella calospora during symbiosis with Serapias vomeracea

Metabolomic adjustments in the orchid mycorrhizal fungus Tulasnella calospora during symbiosis with Serapias vomeracea

Phytohormone production by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis

Phytohormone production by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungusRhizophagus irregularis

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