Short- and long- term loss of preloading in slotted bolted connections

Design and analysis of a seismic resilient steel moment resisting frame equipped with damage-free self-centering column bases

“…The validation process allowed the investigation of the main parameters affecting the momentrotation hysteretic behaviour of the column connection. It is worth mentioning that, in order to account for pre-loading loss of the web and flange bolts during the experimental test [49] the web and flange pre-loading forces are reduced by 20% with respect to the pre-loading experimental values.…”

Methodology for the assessment and refinement of friction-based dissipative devices

“…Beyond this, a mid-term loss occurs continuously during its operational life, the loss-rate becoming stable over time. [38] identified a direct correlation between the loss of preloading and the service loading conditions highlighting that the use of a conical disk springs reduces the loss of preload over time. High temperature may also influence the bolt preload.…”

Friction mechanism and experimental investigation of the response‐amplified friction damper

“…Besides, when the preload is applied by bolts, particularly in slotted‐bolt friction devices, the non‐uniform normal stress and relaxation of preload both contribute to the unpredictable mechanical behavior of the dampers 31 . Moreover, a higher preload in large FDs for buildings leads to more relaxation than a smaller one 32 . To overcome the drawbacks of specified slip stroke, a novel double slip loads FD is developed to satisfy the damping force requirements under different seismic input levels 33,34 .…”