Short and Long Term Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Hormones, Metabolites, Antioxidant System, Glycogen Concentration, and Aerobic Performance Adaptations in Rats

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of short and long term High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on anaerobic and aerobic performance, creatinine, uric acid, urea, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, testosterone, corticosterone, and glycogen concentration (liver, soleus, and gastrocnemius). The Wistar rats were separated in two groups: HIIT and sedentary/control (CT). The lactate minimum (LM) was used to evaluate the aerobic and anaerobic performance (AP) (baseline, 6, and 12 weeks). The lactate peak determination consisted of two swim bouts at 13% of body weight (bw): (1) 30 s of effort; (2) 30 s of passive recovery; (3) exercise until exhaustion (AP). Tethered loads equivalent to 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, and 6.5% bw were performed in incremental phase. The aerobic capacity in HIIT group increased after 12 weeks (5.2 ± 0.2% bw) in relation to baseline (4.4 ± 0.2% bw), but not after 6 weeks (4.5 ± 0.3% bw). The exhaustion time in HIIT group showed higher values than CT after 6 (HIIT = 58 ± 5 s; CT = 40 ± 7 s) and 12 weeks (HIIT = 62 ± 7 s; CT = 49 ± 3 s). Glycogen (mg/100 mg) increased in gastrocnemius for HIIT group after 6 weeks (0.757 ± 0.076) and 12 weeks (1.014 ± 0.157) in comparison to baseline (0.358 ± 0.024). In soleus, the HIIT increased glycogen after 6 weeks (0.738 ± 0.057) and 12 weeks (0.709 ± 0.085) in comparison to baseline (0.417 ± 0.035). The glycogen in liver increased after HIIT 12 weeks (4.079 ± 0.319) in relation to baseline (2.400 ± 0.416). The corticosterone (ng/mL) in HIIT increased after 6 weeks (529.0 ± 30.5) and reduced after 12 weeks (153.6 ± 14.5) in comparison to baseline (370.0 ± 18.3). In conclusion, long term HIIT enhanced the aerobic capacity, but short term was not enough to cause aerobic adaptations. The anaerobic performance increased in HIIT short and long term compared with CT, without differences between HIIT short and long term. Furthermore, the glycogen super-compensation increased after short and long term HIIT in comparison to baseline and CT group. The corticosterone increased after 6 weeks, but reduces after 12 weeks. No significant alterations were observed in urea, uric acid, testosterone, catalase, superoxide dismutase, sulfhydryl groups, and creatine kinase in HIIT group in relation to baseline and CT.

Swimming Exercise Modifies Oxidative Stress in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscles of Diabetic Rats

“…The results obtained in the present work for the soleus musculature showed higher levels of SOD, and Catalase in group TD. Similar elevation of Catalase in the soleus muscle was found in a study using healthy animals exercised at 60% of maximum speed, with a single molecule of Catalase acting to convert millions of molecules of water and oxygen [43,44]. De ciency of Catalase has been shown to increase the effects of DM1 and increase the risk of type II diabetes in healthy individuals [45].…”

The Electrical Stimulation of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Causes Oxidative Stress in Skeletal Muscle of Rats

“…Recently, it was shown that GC secretion might be provoked by different types of stressors [ 41 ]. Some of them link oxidative stress in skeletal muscles with hypermetabolism state and with stress response to situations such as burn trauma [ 42 , 43 ].…”

The Lactate Minimum Test: Concept, Methodological Aspects and Insights for Future Investigations in Human and Animal Models

“…Additionally, several investigations involving animal models of different backgrounds were published. Some examples include methodological analyses (de Araujo et al, 2007 ; Beck et al, 2012 ; Sena et al, 2015 ), effects of periodized or non-periodized training (de Oliveira et al, 2007 ; de Araujo et al, 2012 , 2013a , 2016 ; Scariot et al, 2016 ) effects of luminosity and time of day (Beck and Gobatto, 2013 , 2016 ; Beck et al, 2014 ; Beck et al, 2014a , b ) and comparion with the MLSS protocol (Rodrigues et al, 2016 ).…”