Short and long peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) in zebrafish, with findings of multiple PGRP homologs in teleost fish

Molecular cloning and functional characterization of peptidoglycan recognition protein 6 in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella

“…PGLYRP1 was highly expressed in bone marrow, PGLYRP2 in liver, PGLYRP3 and PGLYRP4 in esophagus (Liu et al, 2001;Dziarski and Gupta, 2010). In teleost fish, the expression pattern of gcPGRP6 is similar to zebrafish PGRP6 (Chang et al, 2007), which was detected in all organs/tissues examined, with the highest level in intestine. Furthermore, gcPGRP6 is inducible in liver, intestine and CIK cells in response to PGN stimulation, which reflects the importance of gcPGRP6 in antibacterial immune response.…”

“…In teleosts, several PGRPs have been identified in zebrafish , pufferfish (Chang et al, 2007), rockfish (Kim et al, 2010), large yellow croaker (Mao et al, 2010) and red drum (Li et al, 2012). Different from insect and mammalian homologues, zebrafish PGRPs have both amidase activity and broad-spectrum bactericidal activity .…”

Cloning of two rainbow trout nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) splice variants and functional characterization of the NOD2 effector domains

“…Alternative splice variants also exist in the fish NOD2 homologs, as seen in the present studies with rainbow trout where two splice variants were discovered, one (trNOD2b) with the first CARD domain partially deleted. Many PRRs including NOD1 [38], Dectin-1 [39], TLRs [40], PGRPs [41], undergo alternative splicing generating multiple forms. It has been argued that each splice variant may have a role in a coordinated defence response [40] or that the truncated splice variants may be competitive inhibitors in downstream signaling induced by the normal form [35].…”

Effects of cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR on the transcription levels of immune-related genes in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella

“…Recently, multiple PGRP homologs have been found in teleost fish (Chang et al 2007). The transcription levels of the PGRP-L gene in the spleen and head kidney in the present study at all time points were suppressed.…”