“Shopping malls” and the “modernization” of African cities: the cases of Douala (Cameroon) and Kigali (Rwanda)

Struggles to remain in Kigali’s “unplanned” settlements: the case of Bannyahe

“… 24. See reference 11, Nikuze et al (2019) and Uwayezu and de Vries (2019); also see reference 22; Benken, E E (2017), “Nowhere to go: informal settlement eradication in Kigali, Rwanda”, thesis, University of Louisville; Finn, B (2018), “Quietly chasing Kigali: young men and the intolerance of informality in Rwanda’s capital city”, Urban Forum Vol 29, No 2, pages 205–218, Springer Netherlands; Goodfellow, T and A Smith (2013), “From urban catastrophe to ‘model’ city? Politics, security and development in post-conflict Kigali”, Urban Studies Vol 50, No 15, pages 3185–3202; and Michelon, B (2016), Douala et Kigali: Villes Modernes et Citadins Précaires en Afrique. …”