Shoot stem cell specification in roots by the WUSCHEL transcription factor

Negin, Boaz; Shemer, Or; Sorek, Yonatan; Williams, Leor Eshed

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176093

Cited by 29 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Several previous studies have connected WOX gene activity with auxin signaling in shoot and root stem cell maintenance 13,15,37,38 . Our results now show that WUS restricts auxin signaling in apical stem cells by pathway-wide transcriptional control, while at the same time allowing instructive low levels of signaling output.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

WUSCHEL acts as an auxin response rheostat to maintain apical stem cells in Arabidopsis

et al. 2019

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To maintain the balance between long-term stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, dynamic signals need to be translated into spatially precise and temporally stable gene expression states. In the apical plant stem cell system, local accumulation of the small, highly mobile phytohormone auxin triggers differentiation while at the same time, pluripotent stem cells are maintained throughout the entire life-cycle. We find that stem cells are resistant to auxin mediated differentiation, but require low levels of signaling for their maintenance. We demonstrate that the WUSCHEL transcription factor confers this behavior by rheostatically controlling the auxin signaling and response pathway. Finally, we show that WUSCHEL acts via regulation of histone acetylation at target loci, including those with functions in the auxin pathway. Our results reveal an important mechanism that allows cells to differentially translate a potent and highly dynamic developmental signal into stable cell behavior with high spatial precision and temporal robustness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

WUSCHEL acts as an auxin response rheostat to maintain apical stem cells in Arabidopsis

et al. 2019

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“…CLV3 moves into the extracellular space and binds to CLV1, which in turn inhibits the transcription of WUS . This WUS-CLV feedback system establishment maintains the stem cell pool and the development of SAM (Somssich et al, 2016; Negin et al, 2017; Zhang et al, 2017). Therefore, WUS has been proposed to be essential for SE (Xiao et al, 2018) and in vitro shoot regeneration (Zhang et al, 2017).…”

Section: Transcription Factors and Signal Transduction Involved In Somentioning

confidence: 99%

Signaling Overview of Plant Somatic Embryogenesis

et al. 2019

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Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a means by which plants can regenerate bipolar structures from a somatic cell. During the process of cell differentiation, the explant responds to endogenous stimuli, which trigger the induction of a signaling response and, consequently, modify the gene program of the cell. SE is probably the most studied plant regeneration model, but to date it is the least understood due to the unclear mechanisms that occur at a cellular level. In this review, the authors seek to emphasize the importance of signaling on plant SE, highlighting the interactions between the different plant growth regulators (PGR), mainly auxins, cytokinins (CKs), ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA), during the induction of SE. The role of signaling is examined from the start of cell differentiation through the early steps on the embryogenic pathway, as well as its relation to a plant’s tolerance of different types of stress. Furthermore, the role of genes encoded to transcription factors (TFs) during the embryogenic process such as the LEAFY COTYLEDON (LEC), WUSCHEL (WUS), BABY BOOM (BBM) and CLAVATA (CLV) genes, Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), APETALA 2 (AP2) and epigenetic factors is discussed.

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“…Both WUS and cytokinin signaling are required during shoot specification and regeneration, as wus and arr1/10/12 mutant explants are unable to form new shoots, whereas other SAM-deficient mutants still have normal or reduced shoot regenerating capacities [19,21]. Furthermore, WUS miss-expression leads to ectopic SAM formation in roots [24][25][26] and enables shoot regeneration of callus on hormone free medium [21]. Intriguingly, when treating lateral root primordia with cytokinins, WUS expression precedes the morphology change into a SAM [9], suggesting that WUS could be the direct mediator of cytokinin-induced shoot specification downstream of the cytokinin response pathway.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cytokinin – A Developing Story

Wybouw

Rybel

2019

Trends in Plant Science

178

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In the past decade, tremendous advance has been made in understanding the biosynthesis, perception and signaling pathways of the plant hormone cytokinin. It also became clear that interfering with any of these steps greatly impacts all stages of growth and development. This has spurted renewed effort recently to understand how cytokinin signaling affects developmental processes. As a result, new insights on the role of cytokinin signaling and the downstream targets during e.g. shoot apical meristem, flower, female gametophyte, stomata and vascular development are being unraveled. In this review, we aim to give a comprehensive overview of recent findings on how cytokinin influences growth and development in plants and highlight areas for future research. 2 Cytokinins: from signaling to development Cytokinins, a class of phytohormones with diverse molecular structures [1], were first discovered in the late 1950's while looking for the molecule responsible for the growthpromoting activity of autoclaved herring sperm DNA [2]. Since then, the signaling pathway of cytokinins has been intensely studied. In our current understanding, cytokinins are synthesized by the ISOPENTENYL TRANSFERASE (IPT) and LONELY GUY (LOG) enzymes, whereas cytokinin conjugation act mainly through CYTOKININ OXIDASE (CKX) enzymes.Cytokinins are next perceived by the ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE2-4 (AHK2-4) receptors which initiates a phosphorylation signaling cascade. This phospho-relay starts with auto-phosphorylation of the receptors and will ultimately lead to phosphorylation and activation of B-type ARABIDOPSIS REPSONSE REGULATORS (ARRs) through the ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE PROTEINS (AHPs). The active ARRs will then induce cytokinin responsive genes, such as those encoding the cytokinin signaling repressors A-type ARRs or CYTOKININ RESPONSE FACTORS (CRFs). For detailed information on the biosynthesis, transport, perception and signaling cascades of cytokinins, we refer to several excellent recent reviews [1,[3][4][5]. With the now well studied aspect of cytokinin signaling, the next step is to understand how these processes impinge on plant growth and development. Over the past few years, an increasing number of studies highlight the importance of cytokinins during many developmental processes. In this review, we discuss how these insights aid in understanding how cytokinins controls development at a molecular level. Shoot developmentAlready in the early years of cytokinin research, it was clear that these molecules have a big influence on plant growth, especially together with auxin [6,7]. Plants grown on high levels of auxin and cytokinin massively proliferate and dedifferentiate leading to callus (see Glossary).Growing callus on high cytokinin levels induces shoot regeneration [6]. Based on these classical experiments, cytokinins are considered the main class of hormones involved in shoot development. Cytokinin controls shoot cell fateCytokinin signaling was shown to be vital in the context of shoot apical meristem (SAM; see Glossary) develo...

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Shoot stem cell specification in roots by the WUSCHEL transcription factor

Cited by 29 publications

References 49 publications

WUSCHEL acts as an auxin response rheostat to maintain apical stem cells in Arabidopsis

WUSCHEL acts as an auxin response rheostat to maintain apical stem cells in Arabidopsis

Signaling Overview of Plant Somatic Embryogenesis

Cytokinin – A Developing Story

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