Shoe Cushioning Influences the Running Injury Risk According to Body Mass: A Randomized Controlled Trial Involving 848 Recreational Runners

Abstract

Background: Shoe cushioning is expected to protect runners against repetitive loading of the musculoskeletal system and therefore running-related injuries. Also, it is a common belief that heavier runners should use footwear with increased shock absorption properties to prevent injuries. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine if shoe cushioning influences the injury risk in recreational runners and whether the association depends on the runner’s body mass. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: Healthy runners (n = 848) randomly received 1 of 2 shoe prototypes that only differed in their cushioning properties. Global stiffness was 61.3 ± 2.7 and 94.9 ± 5.9 N/mm in the soft and hard versions, respectively. Participants were classified as light or heavy according to their body mass using the median as a cut-off (78.2 and 62.8 kg in male and female runners, respectively). They were followed over 6 months regarding running activity and injury (any physical complaint reducing/interrupting running activity for at least 7 days). Data were analyzed through time-to-event models with the subhazard rate ratio (SHR) and their 95% confidence interval (CI) as measures of association. A stratified analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of shoe cushioning on the injury risk in lighter and heavier runners. Results: The runners who had received the hard shoes had a higher injury risk (SHR, 1.52 [95% CI, 1.07-2.16]), while body mass was not associated with the injury risk (SHR, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.99-1.01]). However, after stratification according to body mass, results showed that lighter runners had a higher injury risk in hard shoes (SHR, 1.80 [95% CI, 1.09-2.98]) while heavier runners did not (SHR, 1.23 [95% CI, 0.75-2.03]). Conclusion: The injury risk was higher in participants running in the hard shoes compared with those using the soft shoes. However, the relative protective effect of greater shoe cushioning was found only in lighter runners. Registration: NCT03115437 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier)

Factors Affecting Training and Physical Performance in Recreational Endurance Runners

“…It is a common belief that shoe cushioning technology protects against running-related injuries, but current evidence does not provide any support for the beneficial effect of increased shock absorption to reduce the likelihood of injury [164,165]. Recent evidence suggested that optimal shoe cushioning properties might differ depending on the athlete's body mass, because greater shoe cushioning might only benefit lighter runners [166].…”

Sex-Specific Differences in Running Injuries: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

“…Injury rates depend on several factors that need to be taken into consideration, such as systematic factors (age, BMI), running-/training-related factors (training frequency, training and racing distance, experience, level of running, footwear, biomechanics), health factors (injury history) and lifestyle factors (drinking, smoking) [66][67][68][69][70]. Not all of these factors were reported in each study and may vary between investigated populations.…”

Can the “Appropriate” Footwear Prevent Injury in Leisure-Time Running? Evidence Versus Beliefs

“…The stratified analysis according to body mass revealed that the effect of greater risk in hard shoes was confined to light runners (HR ¼ 1.80; 95% CI ¼ 1.09, 2.98). 45 In other words, for the first time, these results indicated a protective effect of shoe cushioning but only for light runners (HR ¼ 1.23; 95% CI ¼ 0.75, 2.03). To what extent this protective effect of shoe cushioning is related to impact force attenuation during running is currently being explored by the same team.…”