Shockwaves Suppress Adipocyte Differentiation via Decrease in PPARγ

Abstract

Adipogenesis is a crucial cellular process that contributes to the expansion of adipose tissue in obesity. Shockwaves are mechanical stimuli that transmit signals to cause biological responses. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of shockwaves on adipogenesis. We treated 3T3L-1 cells and human primary preadipocytes for differentiation with or without shockwaves. Western blots and quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) for adipocyte markers including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPα) were performed. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, which are known to affect adipocyte differentiation, were measured. Shockwave treatment decreased intracellular lipid droplet accumulation in primary human preadipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells after 11–12 days of differentiation. Levels of key adipogenic transcriptional factors PPARγ and/or C/EBPα were lower in shockwave-treated human primary preadipocytes and 3T3L-1 cells after 12–13 days of differentiation than in shockwave-untreated cells. Shockwave treatment induced release of extracellular ATP from preadipocytes and decreased intracellular cAMP levels. Shockwave-treated preadipocytes showed a higher level of β-catenin and less PPARγ expression than shockwave-untreated cells. Supplementation with 8-bromo-cAMP analog after shockwave treatment rescued adipocyte differentiation by preventing the effect of shockwaves on β-catenin, Wnt10b mRNA, and PPARγ expression. Low-energy shockwaves suppressed adipocyte differentiation by decreasing PPARγ. Our study suggests an insight into potential uses of shockwave-treatment for obesity.

Untapped Pharmaceutical Potential of 4,5,4′-Trihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxybibenzyl for Regulating Obesity: A Cell-Based Study with a Focus on Terminal Differentiation in Adipogenesis

“…As adipocytes have vital roles in lipid metabolism to regulate energy homeostasis, lipogenesis and lipolysis are central activities often investigated to validate the intrinsic functions of these cells. ,, Such major activities of 3T3-L1 and PCS-210-010 cells after treating with noncytotoxic doses of TDB at early and late differentiation were tracked and assessed with Oil Red O staining and the contents of cellular triglyceride and glycerol released (Figure ). Cellular lipid accumulation significantly relied on differentiation inducers ( p < 0.001), supported by the absence of cellular lipid droplets stained with Oil Red O (Figure A, C, E, and G) and nearly zero percentage of Oil Red O stained (Figure B, D, F, and H) in TDB-free undifferentiated controls.…”

“…The viability of 3T3-L1 and PCS-210-010 pre-adipocytes and adipocytes was assessed using the MTT assay. , Cells were exposed for 48 h to TDB (dissolved in DMSO) on day 0 of the differentiation program (SI Figure S1) for treatment with pre-adipocytes and day 8 for treatment with adipocytes. Final concentrations at 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 μM of TDB were tested, while the DMSO concentration per each treatment was restricted to less than 0.5%.…”

“…The course will take approximately 8 days after hormonal induction to transform pre-adipocytes to adipocytes, followed by maturation for around 6 days to reach mature adipocytes (Supporting Information (SI) Figure S1). , Many studies consider early adipocyte differentiation as a route toward obesity and attempt to search for a way to prevent the disease by suppressing this step. − However, the progress after becoming adipocytes is still little known, which can be a probable step to reach obesity and a platform to explore new strategies for controlling the disease. − …”

Mechanobiology of Adipocytes

“…Adipogenesis is a cellular process that contributes to the expansion of adipose tissue in obesity. Obesity is a medical condition in which there is an accumulation of white adipose tissue (WAT) as a result of the hypertrophy and hyperplasia of adipocytes [ 65 ]. Mouse models show that both adipocyte size and number increase in obese adipose tissue, while human models also show that preadipocytes conserve the ability to differentiate into adipocytes and therefore continually contribute to adipose growth.…”

Defocused and Radial Shock Wave Therapy, Mesotherapy, and Kinesio Taping Effects in Patients With Lipedema: A Pilot Study

“…A recent study evaluated the effects of shockwaves on adipogenesis. The authors demonstrated that low-energy shockwaves suppressed adipocyte differentiation by decreasing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) (31).…”