Shock waves—Phenomenology, experimental, and numerical simulation

Thoma, Klaus; Hornemann, U.; Sauer, Martin; Schneider, E.

doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2005.tb00401.x

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This is likely because side 3 is the antipode of side 1, and thus furthest away from the impact. Therefore, the reduced damage exhibited by side 3 corresponds well with known models of impact damage in rock, in which shock wave energy reduces with distance from the point of impact [29]. Side 6 probably experienced less damage because, at the time of shooting, this side was facing downwards on the target area.…”

Section: Permeametry Survey Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

Permeability and Surface Hardness Surveying of Stone Damaged by Ballistic Impact

et al. 2019

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Recent instances of the destruction of cultural assets in conflict zones have demonstrated the need to develop methods which will allow for the assessment of damage to heritage stone in the field. In particular, non-destructive methods would be invaluable when working on sites damaged by contemporary ballistics. Permeability (TinyPerm 3) and surface hardness (Equotip) surveys of stone damaged by 7.62 × 39 mm (AK-47) projectiles were undertaken to determine the ability of these methods to identify the spatial distribution of damage patterns such as shear faces and surface fractures. Results demonstrate the ability of surface hardness surveys to distinguish between non-impacted surfaces of the target stone and surfaces which shattered/sheared upon impact. Whilst spatial distribution analysis (“heat mapping”) of Equotip data did not correlate directly with surface fractures, permeability data heat maps were found to be indicative of surface fracture distribution. The data suggests that compaction of the stone matrix at the impact crater results in a lesser reduction of hardness in this area relative to the wider damaged surface. Surveys of impacted stone using the methods outlined here can identify damage patterns that are not visible to the naked eye, thus aiding in damage identification on fragile sites.

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Section: Permeametry Survey Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

Permeability and Surface Hardness Surveying of Stone Damaged by Ballistic Impact

et al. 2019

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“…At these high shock pressures, we are perhaps seeing a "null" overall effect on the porosity, with the shock opening as many new cracks and fissures as primary ones that are closed. At these high pressures, however, the effects of permanent phase changes of minerals, mosaicism, and shock melt pocket formation become increasingly important (Thoma et al 2005;Fritz et al 2005). We also note that the conversion of melt phases to glass is likely to result in localized weathering rates that are higher than those experienced by surrounding phases with a concomitant increase in porosity with terrestrial age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Physical properties of Martian meteorites: Porosity and density measurements

Coulson

Beech

Nie

2007

Meteorit & Planetary Scien

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Abstract-Martian meteorites are fragments of the Martian crust. These samples represent igneous rocks, much like basalt. As such, many laboratory techniques designed for the study of Earth materials have been applied to these meteorites. Despite numerous studies of Martian meteorites, little data exists on their basic structural characteristics, such as porosity or density, information that is important in interpreting their origin, shock modification, and cosmic ray exposure history. Analysis of these meteorites provides both insight into the various lithologies present as well as the impact history of the planet's surface. We present new data relating to the physical characteristics of twelve Martian meteorites. Porosity was determined via a combination of scanning electron microscope (SEM) imagery/image analysis and helium pycnometry, coupled with a modified Archimedean method for bulk density measurements. Our results show a range in porosity and density values and that porosity tends to increase toward the edge of the sample. Preliminary interpretation of the data demonstrates good agreement between porosity measured at 100× and 300× magnification for the shergottite group, while others exhibit more variability. In comparison with the limited existing data for Martian meteorites we find fairly good agreement, although our porosity values typically lie at the low end of published values. Surprisingly, despite the increased data set, there is little by way of correlation between either porosity or density with parameters such as shock effect or terrestrial residency. Further data collection on additional meteorite samples is required before more definitive statements can be made concerning the validity of these observations.

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“…As detailed by Johnson et al (2002), a powder propellant gun launches fl at metal plates for the production of planar shock waves in targets (cf. Gibbons et al 1975;Thoma et al 2005). The geologic target was a disk cored from the rock sample, 12 mm in diameter and 1 mm thick.…”

Section: Shock Recovery Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal infrared spectroscopy and modeling of experimentally shocked basalts

Johnson

Staid

Kraft

2007

American Mineralogist

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New measurements of thermal infrared emission spectra (250-1400 cm -1 ; ~7-40 μm) of experimentally shocked basalt and basaltic andesite (17-56 GPa) exhibit changes in spectral features with increasing pressure consistent with changes in the structure of plagioclase feldspars. Major spectral absorptions in unshocked rocks between 350-700 cm -1 (due to Si-O-Si octahedral bending vibrations) and between 1000-1250 cm -1 (due to Si-O antisymmetric stretch motions of the silica tetrahedra) transform at pressures >20-25 GPa to two broad spectral features centered near 950-1050 and 400-450 cm -1 . Linear deconvolution models using spectral libraries composed of common mineral and glass spectra replicate the spectra of shocked basalt relatively well up to shock pressures of 20-25 GPa, above which model errors increase substantially, coincident with the onset of diaplectic glass formation in plagioclase. Inclusion of shocked feldspar spectra in the libraries improves fi ts for more highly shocked basalt. However, deconvolution models of the basaltic andesite select shocked feldspar end-members even for unshocked samples, likely caused by the higher primary glass content in the basaltic andesite sample.

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Shock waves—Phenomenology, experimental, and numerical simulation

Cited by 20 publications

References 28 publications

Permeability and Surface Hardness Surveying of Stone Damaged by Ballistic Impact

Permeability and Surface Hardness Surveying of Stone Damaged by Ballistic Impact

Physical properties of Martian meteorites: Porosity and density measurements

Thermal infrared spectroscopy and modeling of experimentally shocked basalts

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