Shock-wave synthesis of multilayer graphene and nitrogen-doped graphene materials from carbonate

Preparation of Few-Layer Graphene by Pulsed Discharge in Graphite Micro-Flake Suspension

“…Typical TEM images of recovered samples ( Figure 2) shows the presence of loose and extended ultra-thin carbon nanosheets with interlayer distances of 0.3-0.4 nm at the edges, which are in good agreement with the morphology and microstructure of few-layer graphene [21,23,33]. The high resolution TEM images ( Figure 2b,d,f,h) further reveal that the graphitic layer number of the few-layer graphene is in the range of 3-9 (as listed in Table 1), indicating that the main content of purified recovered samples is few-layer graphene.…”

“…In this method, two graphite electrodes are immersed in ionic liquid and a static potential is applied for the oxidation and expansion of graphitic layers, resulting in the exfoliation of graphitic layers [19]. Recently, Chen et al [21,22] synthesized graphene materials through detonation method using detonation and shock waves to produce carbon atoms which deposited on certain metal surfaces to form graphene.…”

Large-scale synthesis of few-layer graphene from magnesium and different carbon sources and its application in dye-sensitized solar cells

“…In order to meet the rapidly increasing demand of the graphene from the scientific research and industrial applications, both top-down and bottom-up strategies have been developed to produce graphene. Top-down strategies include such methods as micromechanical cleavage of graphite [6], liquid phase exfoliation of graphite [7,8], laser exfoliation of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite [9], H 2 O 2 plasma etching of graphite [10], unzipping of nanotubes [11], and chemical oxidation and reduction method [12][13][14]; examples of bottom-up methods are chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [15,16], epitaxial growth on SiC [17], arc discharge [18], Shock-wave synthesis [19], conventional calcination from Mg and CaCO 3 [20], and reduction of CO [21] and CO 2 (dry ice) [22].…”

Toward high production of graphene flakes – a review on recent developments in their synthesis methods and scalability

“…Illustration of the proposed mechanism for shockwave-induced synthesis of graphene from carbonate. Reprinted with permission from 95 . Table 3 compiles the works related to explosion and shock-wave exfoliation that have been described earlier.…”

“…Illustration of the proposed mechanism for the formation of graphene nanosheets in electrical explosion of graphite sticks. Reprinted with permission from 94 .Meanwhile, Yin et al95 took a different approach. They synthesized GFs via a one-step shockwave-driven treatment.…”