Shock therapy: psychologic theory and research.

Stainbrook, Edward

doi:10.1037/h0057818

Cited by 30 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 126 publications

(93 reference statements)

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“…From their behavior it would seem that these rats were exhibiting a type of emotion rather than simple amnesia or uncertainty in respect to the correct path. Similar episodic phenomena have been noted by others (14). In this connection the behavior is of interest chiefly because such behavior was not exhibited by the shock-anesthetic animals of Group II.…”

Section: Fig 1 Mean Time and Error Scores Fob Experiments Isupporting

confidence: 81%

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confidence: 99%

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Electroconvulsive shock in rats under ether anesthesia.

Porter¹,

Stone²

1947

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

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A number of studies (3,14) indicate that electroconvulsive shocks may be deleterious to maze performances of rats under a variety of learning conditions. The decrements have sometimes been ascribed (a) to the rats' becoming emotionally sensitized, frightened, or neurotic, and therefore disinclined to advance directly toward the goal; (b) to the reduction of general vigor, thereby making the rat unwilling or unable to expend the requisite amount of energy to solve the problem; and (c) to physiological alteration of cerebral functions (anoxia?) which are manifested by confusion and/or some degree of habit disintegration. These hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, hence it is quite probable that an eclectic's description of the essential causes of the rats' poorer performances in diverse maze problems will usually contain some parts of all of them. Furthermore, a complete description will entail adequate consideration of the distinctive roles played by the convulsion, on the one hand, and the nature of and circumstances attending administration of the convulsive agent, on the other.Efforts to minimize certain aspects of the convulsion, as a means of reducing the unpleasant "side effects" of convulsive therapy in man have occasionally been reported, but as yet the techniques for so doing are not well standardized. From clinical evidence (8) it has been quite generally inferred that the grand mal is necessary if the treatment is to have maximal therapeutic value; nevertheless, the clinical effects of attenuating the neural discharge have not yet been systematically investigated in studies of the relative merits of different shock techniques.Impastato, Bak, Frosch, and Wortis ( 7), [and others (9)], have reported succesful "damping" of the convulsion by intravenous injection of sodium amytal just prior to the administration of shock. This procedure reduced patient-resistance to treatment, minimized fractures, and completely abolished the period of post convulsive excitement. A minor demerit of the injection was the necessity of extending the series of treatments beyond the usual number to achieve the desired therapeutic effects. Heilbrunn (5), using 35 rats, found that if a convulsion was prevented by etherization, thus causing the rat to undergo but one mild general contraction on being shocked, brain hemorrhages (universally found in the vigorously convulsed rats) were eliminated. This line of investigation led the present authors to speculate as to what relatively constant behavioral effects of convulsions, particularly disturbances of emotional and cognitive functions,

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Section: Fig 1 Mean Time and Error Scores Fob Experiments Isupporting

confidence: 81%

“…

…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroconvulsive shock in rats under ether anesthesia.

Porter¹,

Stone²

1947

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

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“…Ultimately, there is probably some practical limit on the time interval between learning and ECS during which selective effects on retention can be produced. In addition, the effects of a series of ECSs delivered many hours or days after learning are often apparently temporary (Stainbrook, 1946). Brady (1951) reported that a series of ECSs suppressed a conditioned emotional response (CER) for a period of a month, although the habit reappeared spontaneously at the end of that time.…”

Section: Electroconvulsive Shockmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perseverative neural processes and consolidation of the memory trace.

Glickman¹

1961

Psychological Bulletin

304

164

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“…Some doctors dismissed these sequelae as trivial or transient, although one psychiatrist remarked that psychotherapy was useless in patients undergoing ECT because they couldn't remember "'either the analyst or the content of the analytic sessions from one day to the next.'' (46).…”

Section: Memory Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shock treatment, brain damage, and memory loss: a neurological perspective

1977

AJP

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The author reviews reports of neuropathology resulting from electroconvulsive therapy in experimental animals and humans. Although findings of petechial hemorrhage, gliosis, and neuronal loss were well established in the decade following the introduction of ECT, they have been generally ignored since then. ECT produces characteristic EEG changes and severe retrograde amnesia, as well as other more subtle effects on memory and learning. The author concludes that ECT results in brain disease and questions whether doctors should offer brain damage to their patients.

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Shock therapy: psychologic theory and research.

Cited by 30 publications

References 126 publications

Electroconvulsive shock in rats under ether anesthesia.

Electroconvulsive shock in rats under ether anesthesia.

Perseverative neural processes and consolidation of the memory trace.

Shock treatment, brain damage, and memory loss: a neurological perspective

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