Shock metamorphism on the ocean floor (numerical simulations)

Artemieva, N.; Шувалов, В. В.

doi:10.1016/s0967-0645(01)00136-9

Cited by 43 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…iSALE is a wellestablished code that has been used to simulate several terrestrial impact events (Artemieva et al 2004;Collins et al 2002;Collins and Wünnemann 2005;Ivanov 2005;Ivanov and Artemieva 2002;Ivanov and Deutsch 1999;Wünnemann et al 2005), including targets with a water layer (Wünnemann and Lange 2002;Collins and Wünnemann 2005), and develop a generic, quantitative model for the formation of impact craters in crystalline targets (Wünnemann and Ivanov 2003). iSALE is similar in many regards to the SOVA hydrocode used to simulate marine-target impacts in many previous modeling studies (Shuvalov 1999(Shuvalov , 2002Artemieva and Shuvalov 2002;Shuvalov and Trubestkaya 2002). The two models differ in the details of their solution algorithms (SOVA uses a wider finitedifference stencil and more accurate advection scheme) and in the way in which they model target strength (iSALE includes a somewhat more realistic elastic-plastic rock strength model-see below).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Shuvalov (2002), using an impactor 200 m in diameter, suggested that no crater would form in this regime. Artemieva and Shuvalov (2002) found from their numerical models that for an impactor 1 km in diameter and R > 4, a submarine crater is almost nonexistent, but they did not note any such scour crater or large central uplift. However, the marine impact models of Wünnemann and Lange (2002) showed "significant particle movement within a distance of 15 km from the impact centre" for an impactor 1 km in diameter and R = 5, despite no permanent crater forming in the seafloor.…”

Section: The Effect Of the Water Layer On Crater Growth And Transientmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…By simulating the impact of an impactor 200 m in diameter at 15 km s −1 into water-covered targets, Shuvalov (2002) showed that a shallow water layer (R < 0.5-1) has little effect on the cavity forming in the basement; that for R > 2, cavity size is reduced as the impactor is completely decelerated, deformed, and disrupted during penetration of the water layer; and that for R > 4, no crater occurs on the seafloor. Artemieva and Shuvalov (2002) also found from their numerical models that for R > 4, a submarine crater is almost nonexistent (for an impactor 1 km in diameter with an impact velocity of 20 km s −1 ); however, the marine-impact models of Wünnemann and Lange (2002) did show significant disturbance of the seafloor for R = 5 (using the same impactor size and velocity). Laboratory-scale impact experiments (Gault and Sonnett 1982;Baldwin et al 2007) provide further quantitative analysis of the effect of water layer thickness on crater size, albeit at a much smaller scale and lower velocity than typical marine craters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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The effect of the oceans on the terrestrial crater size‐frequency distribution: Insight from numerical modeling

Davison

Collins

2007

Meteorit & Planetary Scien

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available online at http://meteoritics.orgThe effect of the oceans on the terrestrial crater size-frequency distribution:Insight from numerical modeling Abstract-On Earth, oceanic impacts are twice as likely to occur as continental impacts, yet the effect of the oceans has not been previously considered when estimating the terrestrial crater size-frequency distribution. Despite recent progress in understanding the qualitative and quantitative effect of a water layer on the impact process through novel laboratory experiments, detailed numerical modeling, and interpretation of geological and geophysical data, no definitive relationship between impactor properties, water depth, and final crater diameter exists. In this paper, we determine the relationship between final (and transient) crater diameter and the ratio of water depth to impactor diameter using the results of numerical impact models. This relationship applies for normal incidence impacts of stoney asteroids into water-covered, crystalline oceanic crust at a velocity of 15 km s −1 . We use these relationships to construct the first estimates of terrestrial crater size-frequency distributions (over the last 100 million years) that take into account the depth-area distribution of oceans on Earth. We find that the oceans reduce the number of craters smaller than 1 km in diameter by about two-thirds, the number of craters ~30 km in diameter by about one-third, and that for craters larger than ~100 km in diameter, the oceans have little effect. Above a diameter of ~12 km, more craters occur on the ocean floor than on land; below this diameter more craters form on land than in the oceans. We also estimate that there have been in the region of 150 impact events in the last 100 million years that formed an impact-related resurge feature, or disturbance on the seafloor, instead of a crater.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Effect Of the Water Layer On Crater Growth And Transientmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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The effect of the oceans on the terrestrial crater size‐frequency distribution: Insight from numerical modeling

Davison

Collins

2007

Meteorit & Planetary Scien

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“…Numerical simulations of deep-ocean impacts (Artemieva and Shuvalov, 2002) provide some limits on the size of a projectile that will not mix with the ocean floor during a deepocean impact. For a vertical impact at asteroidal velocities (-20 Ms), mixing is only likely when the projectile diameter is greater than 1/2 of the water depth.…”

Section: Physical Tracersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracers of the extraterrestrial component in sediments and inferences for Earth's accretion history

Kyte¹

2002

Catastrophic Events and Mass Extinctions: Impacts and Beyond

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The study of extraterrestrial matter in sediments began with the discovery of cosmic spherules during the HMS Challenger Expedition (1873-1876), but has evolved into a multidisciplinary study of the chemical, physical, and isotopic study of sediments. Extraterrestrial matter in sediments comes mainly from dust and large impactors from the asteroid belt and comets. What we know of the nature of these source materials comes from the study of stratospheric dust particles, cosmic spherules, micrometeorites, meteorites, and astronomical observations.The most common chemical tracers of extraterrestrial matter in sediments are the siderophile elements, most commonly iridium and other platinum group elements. Physical tracers include cosmic and impact spherules, Ni-rich spinels, meteorites, fossil meteorites, and ocean-impact melt debris. Three types of isotopic systems have been used to trace extraterrestrial matter. Osmium isotopes cannot distinguish chondritic from mantle sources, but provide a useful tool in modeling long-term accretion rates. Helium isotopes can be used to trace the long-term flux of the fine fraction of the interplanetary dust complex. Chromium isotopes can provide unequivocal evidence of an extraterrestrial source for sediments with high concentrations of meteoritic Cr.The terrestrial history of impacts, as recorded in sediments, is still poorly understood. Helium isotopes, multiple Ir anomalies, spherule beds, and craters all indicate a comet shower in the late Eocene. The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary impact event appears to have been caused by a single carbonaceous chondrite projectile, most likely of asteroid origin. Little is known of the impact record in sediments from the rest of the Phanerozoic. Several impact deposits are known in the Precambrian, including several possible megaimpacts in the Early Archean.

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“…The objectives are to constrain the parameters controlling the characteristics of the induced waves close to and at a distinct distance from the point of impact, and to investigate the fundamental differences in the characteristics of waves generated during impacts in shallow and deep water. In previous studies, the authors focus either on specific examples of marine impact craters, like the Mjølnir crater, Norway , the Lockne crater, Sweden (Shuvalov et al 2005), or the Eltanin structure in the Southern Ocean (Artemieva and Shuvalov 2002;Shuvalov and Trubestkaya 2002;Wünnemann and Lange 2002;Mader 1998), or they only account for the decay of the wave amplitude and the propagation velocity of the generated waves (Gisler et al 2004). The simplified assumptions for the characteristics of impact-induced tsunami-like waves in previous studies of propagation and run-up of the waves may not reflect the natural conditions well enough.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of oceanic impact‐induced large water waves—Re‐evaluation of the tsunami hazard

Wünnemann

Weiss

Hofmann

2007

Meteorit & Planetary Scien

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available online at http://meteoritics.org Characteristics of oceanic impact-induced large water waves-Re-evaluation of the tsunami hazard Abstract-The potential hazard of a meteorite impact in the ocean is controversial with respect to the destructive power of generated large ocean waves (tsunamis). We used numerical modeling of hypervelocity impact to investigate the generation mechanism and the characteristics of the resulting waves up to a distance of 100-150 projectile radii. The wave signal is primarily controlled by the ratio between projectile diameter and water depth, and can be roughly classified into deep-water and shallow-water impacts. In the latter, the collapse of the crater rim results in a wave signal similar to solitary waves, which propagate and decay in agreement with shallow-water wave theory. The much more likely scenario for an asteroid impact on Earth is a relatively small body (much smaller than the water depth) striking the deep sea. In this case, the collapse of the transient crater results in a significantly different and much more complex wave signal that is characterized by strong nonlinear behavior. We found that such waves decay much more rapidly than previously assumed and cannot be treated as long waves. For this reason, the shallow-water theory is not applicable for the computation of wave propagation, and more complex models (full solution of the Boussinesq equations) are required.

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Shock metamorphism on the ocean floor (numerical simulations)

Cited by 43 publications

References 14 publications

The effect of the oceans on the terrestrial crater size‐frequency distribution: Insight from numerical modeling

The effect of the oceans on the terrestrial crater size‐frequency distribution: Insight from numerical modeling

Tracers of the extraterrestrial component in sediments and inferences for Earth's accretion history

Characteristics of oceanic impact‐induced large water waves—Re‐evaluation of the tsunami hazard

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