Shock-induced inorganic reactions and condensed phase detonations

Bennett, L.; Horie, Y.

doi:10.1007/bf01417428

Cited by 49 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Thus, the decomposition-specific enthalpy is 623.5 J g 1 . A common assumption in models of energetic reactions is that the decomposition-specific energy is equal to the decompositionspecific enthalpy at atmospheric pressure [211]. Assuming all of the decomposition energy is released by the ablated mass allows the decomposition energy, E th , to be found by multiplying this specific energy by the ablated mass.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Application of Polymers

Lippert

2004

Polymers and Light

148

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Laser ablation of polymers has been studied with designed materials to evaluate the mechanism of ablation and the role of photochemically active groups on the ablation process, and to test possible applications of laser ablation and designed polymers. The incorporation of photochemically active groups lowers the threshold of ablation and allows high-quality structuring without contamination and modification of the remaining surface. The decomposition of the active chromophore takes place during the excitation pulse of the laser and gaseous products are ejected with supersonic velocity. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry reveals that a metastable species is among the products, suggesting that excited electronic states are involved in the ablation process. Experiments with a reference material, i.e., polyimide, for which a photothermal ablation mechanism has been suggested, exhibited pronounced differences. These results strongly suggest that, in case of designed polymers which contain photochemically active groups, a photochemical part in the ablation mechanism cannot be neglected. Various potential applications for laser ablation and the special photopolymers were evaluated and it became clear that the potential of laser ablation and specially designed material is in the field of microstructuring. Laser ablation can be used to fabricate three-dimensional elements, e.g., microoptical elements.Keywords Laser ablation · Ablation mechanism · Photopolymers · Polyimide · Spectroscopy This was not always true, of course. For many years, the laser was viewed as "an answer in search of a question". That is, it was seen as an elegant device, but one with no real useful application outside of fundamental scientific research. In the last two to three decades however, numerous laser applications have moved from the laboratory to the industrial workplace or the commercial market. Lasers are unique energy sources characterized by their spectral purity, spatial and temporal coherence, and high average peak intensity. Each of these characteristics has led to applications that take advantage of these qualities: -Spatial coherence: e.g., remote sensing, range finding and many holographic techniques. -Spectral purity: e.g., atmospheric monitoring based on high-resolution spectroscopies. -and of course the many other applications in communication and storage, e.g., CDs.All of these high-tech applications have come to define everyday life in the late twentieth century. One property of lasers, however, that of high intensity, did not immediately lead to "delicate" applications but rather to those requiring "brute force". That is, the laser was used in applications for removing material or heating. The first realistic applications involved cutting, drilling, and welding, and the laser was little more advanced than a saw, a drill, or a torch. In a humorous vein A.L. Schawlow proposed and demonstrated the first "laser eraser" in 1965 [4], using the different absorptivities of paper and ink to remove the ink without damaging the und...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Application of Polymers

Lippert

2004

Polymers and Light

148

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“…The Hugoniot state was determined through PVDF gauge measurements of the input stress P and traveltime through the powder thickness to obtain a measure of the shock speed U s . Inference of the reaction product Hugoniot was made based upon the inert Hugoniot calculated through mixture theory, 20 and the Ballotechnic model 21 for the limits of complete reaction. The Ballotechnic model performs a constant pressure adjustment of the mixture Hugoniot in proportion to the heat of reaction of the product phase.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shock-induced reaction in a flake nickel + spherical aluminum powder mixture

Eakins

Thadhani

2006

Journal of Applied Physics

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Mixtures of flake-shaped nickel and spherical aluminum powders have been subjected to shock-loading up to 6 GPa to investigate the occurrence of shock-induced chemical reactions. The high-pressure Hugoniot state is determined through time-resolved measurements of the input stress and shock transit time through the specimen. An increase in shock velocity is observed above stress levels of 3.5 GPa, suggesting the initiation of an ultrafast shock-induced chemical reaction and formation of Ni-Al compound͑s͒ occurring in the time scale of the high-pressure shock state.

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“…A composite of nickel (Ni) and aluminium (Al) could serve as an RSM prototype due to the Ni material density (8.86 g/cc) and high energy content of Al. Ni-Al bimetallic reaction may provide additional heat source to promote Al reaction in air [2]. The heat of reaction for the NiAl product is 1.380 kJ/g; for the Ni 3 Al product, it is 0.4419 kJ/g in liquid phase and 0.7647 kJ/g in solid phase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air blast characteristics of laminated al and NI-AL casings

Zhang

Ripley

Wilson

2012

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Abstract. Air blast characteristics of Al and Ni-Al laminated materials were experimentally investigated in a 23 m 3 closed chamber. Ni and Al foils, 50 to 100 micrometers in thickness, were rolled and compacted to form a cylindrical casing with a density of 95% TMD through an explosive formation technique. Charges were prepared using 2 kg C4 explosive packed in the laminated casing to a metal-explosive mass ratio of 1.75. The blast pressure history measured on the chamber wall showed a double-shock front structure with a precursor shock followed by the primary blast. The front peak pressure for the Ni-Al cased charge reaches 1.5-2 times that of the Al cased, consistent with the larger fireball recorded for the Ni-Al cased. The long time quasi-static explosion pressure (QSP) from the NiAl cased charge is 0.8 of that of the Al cased, due to half of Al mass in the Ni-Al.

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Shock-induced inorganic reactions and condensed phase detonations

Cited by 49 publications

References 17 publications

Laser Application of Polymers

Laser Application of Polymers

Shock-induced reaction in a flake nickel + spherical aluminum powder mixture

Air blast characteristics of laminated al and NI-AL casings

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