Shipping metal: Characterisation and provenance study of the copper ingots from the Rochelongue underwater site (Seventh–Sixth century BC), West Languedoc, France

Performance of the double-Wien filter of the Neoma MC-ICPMS/MS with an application to copper stable isotope compositions

“…2 The pioneering work of Maréchal et al 2 showed that the instrumental mass bias of MC-ICPMS can be corrected by a combination of standard/sample bracketing and elemental doping with Zn, which was further modied by using Ni 3,4 or Ga. 5,6 The overall consistency of the measurements of Cu isotope compositions by MC-ICPMS leads to the rapid development of applications in various elds such as cosmochemistry, 7,8 igneous, 9,10 ore, 11,12 sediment 13,14 and river 15,16 geochemistry, oceanography, 17,18 tracing atmospheric [19][20][21] and soil [22][23][24] pollution, assessing the diagnosis and prognosis of metabolic [25][26][27] and neurodegenerative [28][29][30] diseases, cancer, [31][32][33] but also in palaeoanthropology [34][35][36] and archaeology. [37][38][39] Prior to isotopic analysis, Cu needs to be separated from the matrix and further puried using ion-exchange chromatography. Many protocols exist, 3,[40][41][42] generally based on the use of the strongly basic AG MP-1 anion exchange resin (100-200 mesh, chloride form).…”

Spartan dependence on Laurion lead

“…Take the 800 kg of copper ingots, from the Rochelongue site in the West Languedoc, France (7th—6th century bce ), in addition to the other metals found there (Aragón et al, 2022); the Iberian shipwreck of Mazarrón 2, which was carrying ~2800 kg of litharge (c. 650 bce ); and the Bajo de la Campana A shipwreck (c. 600 BCE), carrying ~1 tonne of galena nuggets (Polzer, 2014). These three sites in particular indicate not only the scale at which metal resources could be traded by sea, but also the extent to which they might be traded alongside a more diverse portfolio of goods.…”

Bronze Age Raw Material Hoard from Greater Poland: Archaeometallurgical Study Based on Material Research, Thermodynamic Analysis, and Experiments

“…The production process of bronze products involved a number of stages, starting with the acquisition of raw materials, and the primary production of metal from ore (i.e., copper smelting) and secondary production (i.e., used of bronze scrap, melting and the possible introduction of alloying additives), followed by casting and processing [22,23]. Primary materials smelted from ores were used in the form of copper or tin ingots: discs, bars, and rods [24][25][26][27][28][29]. The distribution of the raw materials was based on the trade in raw materials as well as in semi-finished and finished products.…”