Shiga Toxins: An Update on Host Factors and Biomedical Applications

Liu, Yang; Tian, Songhai; Thaker, Hatim; Dong, Min

doi:10.3390/toxins13030222

Cited by 21 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 179 publications

(138 reference statements)

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“…Specifically, K. pneumoniae is common lung pathogen, and both S. dysenteriae and S. flexneri are notorious gastroenteritis triggers. 63 , 64 Some opportunistic pathogens have also been found to be positively associated with the COVID‐19 severity. Among them, Streptococcus was enriched in high SARS‐CoV‐2 feature fecal samples from human 21 , 65 or primate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS‐CoV‐2 triggered oxidative stress and abnormal energy metabolism in gut microbiota

Zhou

Zeng

et al. 2022

MedComm

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Specific roles of gut microbes in COVID‐19 progression are critical. However, the circumstantial mechanism remains elusive. In this study, shotgun metagenomic or metatranscriptomic sequencing was performed on fecal samples collected from 13 COVID‐19 patients and controls. We analyzed the structure of gut microbiota, identified the characteristic bacteria, and selected biomarkers. Further, gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotations were employed to correlate the taxon alterations and corresponding functions. The gut microbiota of COVID‐19 patients was characterized by the enrichment of opportunistic pathogens and depletion of commensals. The abundance of Bacteroides spp. displayed an inverse relationship with COVID‐19 severity, whereas Actinomyces oris , Escherichia coli , and Streptococcus parasanguini were positively correlated with disease severity. The genes encoding oxidoreductase were significantly enriched in gut microbiome of COVID‐19 group. KEGG annotation indicated that the expression of ABC transporter was upregulated, while the synthesis pathway of butyrate was aberrantly reduced. Furthermore, increased metabolism of lipopolysaccharide, polyketide sugar, sphingolipids, and neutral amino acids were found. These results suggested the gut microbiome of COVID‐19 patients was in a state of oxidative stress. Healthy gut microbiota may enhance antiviral defenses via butyrate metabolism, whereas the accumulation of opportunistic and inflammatory bacteria may exacerbate COVID‐19 progression.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS‐CoV‐2 triggered oxidative stress and abnormal energy metabolism in gut microbiota

Zhou

Zeng

et al. 2022

MedComm

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“…Moreover, using a different methodological approach, such as immunomagnetic concentration or chromogenic agars, could reveal additional STEC. Moreover, stx genes can be found in other E. coli (EPEC) and other bacterial species such as Citrobacter freundii , Shigella spp., among others which might explain part of these results [ 78 , 79 ]. However, it is important to clarify that this study was not designed to determine the actual non-O157 STEC prevalence in Chile; this study is a first approximation in assessing the problem of STEC in cattle in Chile, and further studies are necessary.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Diversity of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Cattle from Central and Southern Chile

Díaz

Gutiérrez

Switt

et al. 2021

Animals

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Cattle are the main reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), one of the world’s most important foodborne pathogens. The pathogen causes severe human diseases and outbreaks. This study aimed to identify and characterize non-O157 STEC isolated from cattle feces from central and southern Chile. We analyzed 446 cattle fecal samples and isolated non-O157 STEC from 12.6% (56/446); a total of 93 different isolates were recovered. Most isolates displayed β-glucuronidase activity (96.8%; 90/93) and fermented sorbitol (86.0%; 80/93), whereas only 39.8% (37/93) were resistant to tellurite. A subgroup of 30 representative non-O157 STEC isolates was selected for whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. In silico analysis showed that they grouped into 16 different sequence types and 17 serotypes; the serotypes most frequently identified were O116:H21 and O168:H8 (13% each). A single isolate of serotype O26:H11 was recovered. One isolate was resistant to tetracycline and carried resistance genes tet(A) and tet(R); no other isolate displayed antimicrobial resistance or carried antimicrobial resistance genes. The intimin gene (eae) was identified in 13.3% (4/30) of the genomes and 90% (27/30) carried the stx2 gene. A phylogenetic reconstruction demonstrated that the isolates clustered based on serotypes, independent of geographical origin. These results indicate that cattle in Chile carry a wide diversity of STEC potentially pathogenic for humans based on the presence of critical virulence genes.

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“…Importantly, protein toxins can be exploited in medicine [17][18][19][20]. Researchers are attempting to use protein toxins for the selective killing of cancer cells by making constructs containing at least the enzymatically active part of the toxin and either an antibody against epitopes on cancer cells or growth factors for which the corresponding receptors are expressed at a high level on the target cells.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

The Protein Toxins Ricin and Shiga Toxin as Tools to Explore Cellular Mechanisms of Internalization and Intracellular Transport

Sandvig

Kavaliauskiene

Skotland

2021

Toxins

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Protein toxins secreted by bacteria and found in plants can be threats to human health. However, their extreme toxicity can also be exploited in different ways, e.g., to produce hybrid toxins directed against cancer cells and to study transport mechanisms in cells. Investigations during the last decades have shown how powerful these molecules are as tools in cell biological research. Here, we first present a partly historical overview, with emphasis on Shiga toxin and ricin, of how such toxins have been used to characterize processes and proteins of importance for their trafficking. In the second half of the article, we describe how one can now use toxins to investigate the role of lipid classes for intracellular transport. In recent years, it has become possible to quantify hundreds of lipid species using mass spectrometry analysis. Thus, it is also now possible to explore the importance of lipid species in intracellular transport. The detailed analyses of changes in lipids seen under conditions of inhibited toxin transport reveal previously unknown connections between syntheses of lipid classes and demonstrate the ability of cells to compensate under given conditions.

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Shiga Toxins: An Update on Host Factors and Biomedical Applications

Cited by 21 publications

References 179 publications

SARS‐CoV‐2 triggered oxidative stress and abnormal energy metabolism in gut microbiota

SARS‐CoV‐2 triggered oxidative stress and abnormal energy metabolism in gut microbiota

Diversity of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Cattle from Central and Southern Chile

The Protein Toxins Ricin and Shiga Toxin as Tools to Explore Cellular Mechanisms of Internalization and Intracellular Transport

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