Shifts in soil microbial community structure, nitrogen cycling and the concomitant declining N availability in ageing primary boreal forest ecosystems

Abstract

Plant growth in boreal forests is commonly limited by a low supply of nitrogen, a condition that may be aggravated by high tree below-ground allocation of carbon to ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi and associated microorganisms. These in turn immobilise N and reduce its availability to plants as boreal ecosystems develop. Here, we studied a boreal forest ecosystem chronosequence created by new land rising out of the sea due to iso-static rebound along the coast of northern Sweden. We used height over the ocean to estimate ecosystem age and examined its relationship to soil microbial community structure and the gross turnover of N. The youngest soils develop with meadows by the coast, followed by a zone of N2-fixing alder trees, and primary boreal conifer forest on ground up to 560 years old. The young soils in meadows contained little organic matter and microbial biomass per unit area. Nitrogen was turned over at low rates when expressed per area (m2), but specific rates (per gram soil carbon (C)) were the highest found along the transect. In the zone with alder, the amounts of soil C and microbial biomass were much higher (bacterial biomass had doubled and fungal biomass quadrupled). Rates of gross N mineralisation (expressed on an area basis) were highest, but the retention of added labelled NH4 þ was lowest in this soil as compared to other ages. The alder zone also had the largest extractable pools of inorganic N in soil and highest N % in plant foliage. In the older conifer forest ecosystems the amounts of soil C and N, as well as biomass of both bacteria and fungi increased. Data on organic matter 14C suggested that the largest input of recently fixed plant C occurred in the younger coniferous forest ecosystems. With increasing ecosystem age, the ratio of microbial C to total soil C was constant, whereas the ratio of microbial N to total soil N increased and gross N mineralization declined. Simultaneously, plant foliar N % decreased and the natural abundance of 15N in the soil increased. More specifically, the difference in d15N between plant foliage and soil increased, which is related to relatively greater retention of 15N relative to 14N by ECM fungi as N is taken up from the soil and some N is transferred to the plant host. In the conifer forest, where these changes were greatest, we found increased fungal biomass in the F- and H-horizons of the mor-layer, in which ECM fungi are known to dominate (the uppermost horizon with litter and moss is dominated by saprotrophic fungi). Hence, we propose that the decreasing availability of N to the plants and the subsequent decline in plant production in ageing boreal forests is linked to high tree belowground C allocation to ECM fungi, a strong microbial sink for available soil N

Increasing N deposition impacts neither diversity nor functions of deadwood‐inhabiting fungal communities, but adaptation and functional redundancy ensure ecosystem function

“…Variations in the isotopic ratio of 15 N/ 14 N are expressed in per mil (‰) as described in detail in Blaško et al . (). A total of 10 enzyme activities was measured as described in detail elsewhere with (Arnstadt et al ., ; Noll et al ., ), with 7 hydrolytic enzymes important for carbon acquisition [β‐glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21), cellobiohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.91), endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.4), xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) and xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37)], nitrogen supply [chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) and peptidase (EC 3.4.11.1)] and 3 oxidative enzyme activities important for lignin modification and degradation [laccase (EC 1.10.3.2), general peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7/14/16 representing distinct protein families showing manganese independent activity) and manganese peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.13), MnP].…”

Soil microbial communities are shaped by vegetation type and park age in cities under cold climate

“…Coupling between the plant and soil in the rhizosphere tends to get stronger as the interaction between the two lasts longer (De Deyn et al ., ). Thus, the successional age of the ecosystem and the age of individual plants likely influence microbial communities (Banning et al ., ; Blaško et al ., ; Wu et al ., ), because soil properties including pH, total C and total N tend to change with plant age (Park et al ., ). Similar to natural systems, soil chemical properties can vary in predictable ways with age of development in urban green spaces (Setälä et al ., ) and microbial communities often shift with changes in edaphic conditions (Prescott and Grayston, ; Liu et al ., ).…”

Soil physicochemical properties and floristic composition of two ecosystems differing in plant diversity: fallows and meadows

“…A higher C:N ratio is typical of more developed ecosystems (e.g. Blaško et al 2015) because during humus formation the available organic nitrogen compounds are exhausted and only the recalcitrant fractions remain (Berg and Laskowski 2006). Humus has beneficial effects on soil physicochemical properties including enhanced water retention (Peña-Méndez et al 2005).…”