Shifts in Botanical Composition of Flatwoods Range following Fertilization

Kalmbacher, R. S.; Martin, F. G.

doi:10.2307/4002294

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…2). The decrease in native species and increase in non-native species following treatment application are consistent with previous findings in relation to grazing (Belsky 1992;Noy-Meir 1995;Biondini et al 1998), soil disturbance (Wilson and Tilman 1993;Chalmers 1996), soil fertiliser (Hobbs et al 1988;Wilson and Shay 1990;Willems et al 1993;Kalmbacher and Martin 1996;Lake and Leishman 2004) and fire (NoyMeir 1995;Orr et al 1997).…”

Section: Responses Of Plant Species Groupssupporting

confidence: 89%

Grassland responses to multiple disturbances on the New England Tablelands in NSW, Australia

et al. 2006

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Disturbances have played a significant role in shaping vegetation patterns following European settlement and agricultural development in Australia, particularly over the last 100 years. However, little is known about the temporal dynamics of plant communities in relation to disturbances and their interactions. In this study we examined the response and recovery of temperate grassland communities to disturbance, using a multi-factorial experiment involving grazing exclusion (absent and present), fire (absent and present), soil cultivation (none, 5 and 20 cm) and soil amendment (none, fertiliser and fertiliser plus clover seeds) on the New England Tablelands in NSW, Australia. Temporal patterns of plant communities were analysed using detrended correspondence analysis for eight surveys over 24 months. Vegetation patterns at each survey were analysed using principal components analysis. The effects of treatments on malleability (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity) of plant communities were analysed using a linear mixed model, and the relationships between malleability and plant species groups were depicted using a generalised additive model and further analysed using a linear model. Perennial native grasses and a non-native forb (Hypochaeris radicata) initially dominated the vegetation, but after the disturbances H. radicata and other non-native species dominated. Compositional changes from the initial states were greatest in the first spring (7 months after treatment application), and then the vegetation tended to recover towards its original state. Soil cultivation resulted in the greatest deviation in community composition, followed by soil amendment, fire, with grazing exclusion the least. The recovery process and rate of recovery varied with treatment reflecting the dominance of soil cultivation and its interactions with other forms of disturbances. Soil amendment and grazing exclusion tended to reduce the effects of soil cultivation. Malleability was negatively related to perennial native grasses; positively to other nonnative species, annual native grasses and perennial native sedges/rushes; and negatively to H. radicata when its cover was below 18%, but positively when above 18%. The degree of malleability reflected the high resilience of the vegetation to disturbance, and was mainly due to the recovery of perennial native grasses and H. radicata. This resilience demonstrated that the small-scale disturbances did not cause vegetation to cross an ecological threshold and that the present vegetation is resilient to common disturbances occurring at small scales. The results also suggest (1) that the present vegetation has developed mechanisms to adapt to these disturbances, (2) the importance of disturbance scale or (3) that the ecological threshold had already been crossed and the present vegetation is in a degraded state compared with its original state before the end of the 19th century.

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Section: Responses Of Plant Species Groupssupporting

confidence: 89%

Grassland responses to multiple disturbances on the New England Tablelands in NSW, Australia

et al. 2006

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“…This result suggests an increase in competitive interactions caused by the increase in availability of this nutrient (Grime, 1973). However, similar to the findings of Elisseou et al (1995) and Kalmbacher and Martin (1996), the addition of phosphorus alone did not change the vegetation diversity. It is, nevertheless, important to realize that changes in shoot number do not necessary lead to changes in biomass.…”

Section: Changes In Biodiversity and Species Richnesssupporting

confidence: 85%

Experimental Investigation of Fertilization and Irrigation Effects on an Alpine Heath, Northwestern Caucasus, Russia

Soudzilovskaia¹,

Онипченко²

2005

Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research

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“…Accordingly, increases in N availability often increase weedy or invasive species dominance, decrease native, late-successional species growth, and reduce diversity (e.g., Kalmbacher and Martin 1996;Young et al 1997;Paschke et al 2000;Seabloom et al 2003;Suding et al 2005). Increases in N do not facilitate all invasions, however (e.g., Brandon et al 2004;Thomsen et al 2006); eVects of increased N on invasion depend on the nature of the invader, resident community, and ecosystem of interest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Species adapted to high resource availability tend to have higher relative growth rates than other species under high-nutrient conditions (Chapin 1980) but also tend to have high nutrient requirements, rapid tissue turnover, and high nutrient loss rates that limit their ability to compete with species adapted to low resource availability under low-nutrient conditions (Chapin 1980;Shipley and Keddy 1988;McLendon and Redente 1994). Thus, under high-nutrient conditions species adapted to high resource availability tend to dominate plant communities and suppress species adapted to low resource availability, while under low-nutrient conditions species adapted to low resource availability often dominate plant communities and suppress species adapted to high resource availability (Carson and Barrett 1988;McLendon and Redente 1992;Inouye and Tilman 1995;Kalmbacher and Martin 1996;Paschke et al 2000). Although some invasive, exotic species are adapted to low resource availability (e.g., Funk and Vitousek 2007) and some desired, native species are adapted to high resource availability (e.g., Stromberg et al 2007), invasive exotic species tend to be better adapted to high resource availability than most desired, native species, have high-resource traits compared to native species (Leishman et al 2007;Pysek and Richardson 2007) and are more successful in high-resource environments than native species (Daehler 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immobilizing nitrogen to control plant invasion

Blumenthal²,

et al. 2010

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Increased soil N availability may often facilitate plant invasions. Therefore, lowering N availability might reduce these invasions and favor desired species. Here, we review the potential efficacy of several commonly proposed management approaches for lowering N availability to control invasion, including soil C addition, burning, grazing, topsoil removal, and biomass removal, as well as a less frequently proposed management approach for lowering N availability, establishment of plant species adapted to low N availability. We conclude that many of these approaches may be promising for lowering N availability by stimulating N immobilization, even though most are generally ineffective for removing N from ecosystems (excepting topsoil removal). C addition and topsoil removal are the most reliable approaches for lowering N availability, and often favor desired species over invasive species, but are too expensive or destructive, respectively, for most management applications. Less intensive approaches, such as establishing low-N plant species, burning, grazing and biomass removal, are less expensive than C addition and may lower N availability if they favor plant species that are adapted to low N availability, produce high C:N tissue, and thus stimulate N immobilization. Regardless of the method used, lowering N availability sufficiently to reduce invasion will be difficult, particularly in sites with high atmospheric N deposition or agricultural runoff. Therefore, where feasible, the disturbances that result in high N availability should be limited in order to reduce invasions by nitrophilic weeds.

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Shifts in Botanical Composition of Flatwoods Range following Fertilization

Cited by 14 publications

References 22 publications

Grassland responses to multiple disturbances on the New England Tablelands in NSW, Australia

Grassland responses to multiple disturbances on the New England Tablelands in NSW, Australia

Experimental Investigation of Fertilization and Irrigation Effects on an Alpine Heath, Northwestern Caucasus, Russia

Immobilizing nitrogen to control plant invasion

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