Shifting perspectives on coastal impacts and adaptation

Brown, Sally; Nicholls, Robert J.; Hanson, Susan; Brundrit, G. B.; Dearing, John A.; Dickson, Mark E.; Gallop, Shari L.; Gao, Shu; Haigh, Ivan D.; Hinkel, Jochen; Jiménez, José A.; Klein, Richard J.T.; Kron, Wolfgang; Lázár, Attila N.; Neves, Cláudio Freitas; Newton, Alice; Pattiaratachi, Charitha; Payo, Andrés; Pye, Kenneth; Sánchez‐Arcilla, Agustín; Siddall, Mark E.; Shareef, Ali; Tompkins, Emma L.; Vafeidis, Athanasios T.; Maanen, Barend van; Ward, Philip J.; Woodroffe, Colin D.

doi:10.1038/nclimate2344

Cited by 103 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Payo et al: Coastal Modelling Environment version 1.0 v. Beach-cliff interactions influence the local cliff and shore platform erosion rate (Payo et al, 2014) and provide a significant sediment source (Walkden and Dickson, 2008).…”

Section: Determinants Of Large-scale Coastal Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coastal Modelling Environment version 1.0: a framework for integrating landform-specific component models in order to simulate decadal to centennial morphological changes on complex coasts

et al. 2017

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Abstract. The ability to model morphological changes on complex, multi-landform coasts over decadal to centennial timescales is essential for sustainable coastal management worldwide. One approach involves coupling of landformspecific simulation models (e.g. cliffs, beaches, dunes and estuaries) that have been independently developed. An alternative, novel approach explored in this paper is to capture the essential characteristics of the landform-specific models using a common spatial representation within an appropriate software framework. This avoid the problems that result from the model-coupling approach due to between-model differences in the conceptualizations of geometries, volumes and locations of sediment. In the proposed framework, the Coastal Modelling Environment (CoastalME), change in coastal morphology is represented by means of dynamically linked raster and geometrical objects. A grid of raster cells provides the data structure for representing quasi-3-D spatial heterogeneity and sediment conservation. Other geometrical objects (lines, areas and volumes) that are consistent with, and derived from, the raster structure represent a library of coastal elements (e.g. shoreline, beach profiles and estuary volumes) as required by different landform-specific models. As a proof-of-concept, we illustrate the capabilities of an initial version of CoastalME by integrating a cliffbeach model and two wave propagation approaches. We verify that CoastalME can reproduce behaviours of the component landform-specific models. Additionally, the integration of these component models within the CoastalME framework reveals behaviours that emerge from the interaction of landforms, which have not previously been captured, such as the influence of the regional bathymetry on the local alongshore sediment-transport gradient and the effect on coastal change on an undefended coastal segment and on sediment bypassing of coastal structures.

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Section: Determinants Of Large-scale Coastal Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nicholls et al, 2012) and may well need to also assess longer-term adaptation measures (Brown et al, 2014;Hall et al, 2012). However, quantitative prediction of morphological coastal changes at mesoscales (decades to centuries and tens to hundreds of kilometres) is scientifically challenging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coastal Modelling Environment version 1.0: a framework for integrating landform-specific component models in order to simulate decadal to centennial morphological changes on complex coasts

et al. 2017

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“…However, while the most severe impacts of climate change are expected to take place over at least fifty to one hundred years, coastal developments are already dramatically reshaping our coasts. Far less attention is paid to understanding and predicting how coastlines will change in a more immediate timeframe of upcoming years and decades, and identifying ways to improve current investments to ensure the current and future wellbeing of coastal communities and ecosystems (Reguero et al, 2014;Kron, 2013;Brown et al, 2014). Gaining a more thorough understanding of financial investments in different coastal sectors, i.e., our "global coastal investment portfolio", is an important first step toward identifying opportunities for improving both short-and long-term outcomes for people and nature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking Our Global Coastal Investment Portfolio

McCreless¹,

Beck²

2017

Journal of Ocean and Coastal Economics

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Coastal gray infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and buildings, is critical for communities, and we invest significantly in it. We also invest in the restoration and maintenance of coastal green infrastructure such as wetlands and reefs, which provide many services and benefits to human communities. However, the relative scale of financial investments in different coastal sectors -that is, our global coastal investment portfolioremains poorly understood. We identify some of the major sources of funding for coastal green and gray infrastructure globally, including international aid funds; US public and private funds for coastal conservation, restoration and management; and private (insurance) and public funds spent on rebuilding after coastal storms. For the 10-year period from 2004-2013, we identify a total of US $14 billion in funds for coastal conservation and green infrastructure and $198 billion in international aid funds for coastal grey infrastructure. Coastal storms during the same decade caused an estimated US $514 billion in damages globally, of which $214 billion were insured losses, while $3.5 billion in international aid funds were spent on relief and reconstruction after these storm events. We conclude that funds for green infrastructure make up a small fraction -roughly three per cent -of global financial investments along coastlines. We identify the major funders in different coastal spending categories and discuss ways to move toward a more balanced investment portfolio that could benefit biodiversity, prevent billions of dollars of storm damage, and help protect the lives and livelihoods of coastal residents.

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“…Addressing the threats of climate change will require complex system-based approaches that allow decision-makers to gain a strategic understanding of relationships between environmental trends and adaptation pathways [19,20]. Adaptation planning guidance calls for the need to address critical strategic questions [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Choosing a Future Shoreline for the San Francisco Bay: Strategic Coastal Adaptation Insights from Cost Estimation

Hirschfeld

Hill

2017

JMSE

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Abstract:In metropolitan regions made up of multiple independent jurisdictions, adaptation to increased coastal flooding due to sea level rise requires coordinated strategic planning of the physical and organizational approaches to be adopted. Here, we explore a flexible method for estimating physical adaptation costs along the San Francisco Bay shoreline. Our goal is to identify uncertainties that can hinder cooperation and decision-making. We categorized shoreline data, estimated the height of exceedance for sea level rise scenarios, and developed a set of unit costs for raising current infrastructure to meet future water levels. Using these cost estimates, we explored critical strategic planning questions, including shoreline positions, design heights, and infrastructure types. For shoreline position, we found that while the shortest line is in fact the least costly, building the future shoreline at today's transition from saltwater to freshwater vegetation is similar in cost but allows for the added possibility of conserving saltwater wetlands. Regulations requiring a specific infrastructure design height above the water level had a large impact on physical construction costs, increasing them by as much as 200%. Finally, our results show that the costs of raising existing walls may represent 70% to 90% of the total regional costs, suggesting that a shift to earthen terraces and levees will reduce adaptation costs significantly.

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Shifting perspectives on coastal impacts and adaptation

Cited by 103 publications

References 8 publications

Coastal Modelling Environment version 1.0: a framework for integrating landform-specific component models in order to simulate decadal to centennial morphological changes on complex coasts

Coastal Modelling Environment version 1.0: a framework for integrating landform-specific component models in order to simulate decadal to centennial morphological changes on complex coasts

Rethinking Our Global Coastal Investment Portfolio

Choosing a Future Shoreline for the San Francisco Bay: Strategic Coastal Adaptation Insights from Cost Estimation

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