Shift in<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>Clone Linked to an Infected Tattoo

Stemper, Mary E.; Brady, Jennifer M.; Qutaishat, Salah; Borlaug, Gwen; Reed, James Christopher; Reed, Kurt D.; Shukla, Sanjay Kumar

doi:10.3201/eid1209.051634

Cited by 29 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…It is worth mentioning that now USA300 is the predominant CA-MRSA clone in most parts of the United States (54). Interestingly, introduction of USA300 in a correctional facility resulted in a clonal shift in the CA-MRSA clone, i.e., from USA400 to USA300 in that facility (51). This displacement of ST1:USA400 by the ST8: USA300 clone in different parts of the United States may be due to ACME in its genome, which allows enhanced survival on skin (9).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence Genes and Genotypic Associations in Nasal Carriage, Community-Associated Methicillin-Susceptible and Methicillin-Resistant USA400 Staphylococcus aureus Isolates

et al. 2010

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It is not well understood why strains of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA), a major cause of skin and soft tissue infections, became successful so quickly, overtaking the place of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) in many communities. To evaluate the genetic basis of differences in their virulence traits, 293 S. aureus isolates consisting of three cohorts, genotypically defined clinical CA-MRSA (n ‫؍‬ 77), clinical MSSA (n ‫؍‬ 103), and nasal carriage MSSA (n ‫؍‬ 113), collected over a 19-year period in two Midwestern states in the United States, were (i) extensively genotyped and (ii) screened for 40 known virulence genes which included those for enterotoxins, leukocidins, hemolysins, and surface proteins and several newly identified putative toxin genes from the USA400 lineage of CA-MRSA. Genotypically, nasal carriage and clinical MSSA isolates were much more diverse than was the CA-MRSA group, which was found to be of USA400 lineage only. Virulence gene profiles of the three groups showed that CA-MRSA strains harbored significantly higher percentages (>95%; P value, <0.05) of the sea, sec, sec4, seg2, seh, sek, sel, sel2, ear, ssl1, lpl10, lukSF-PV, lukD, lukE, and clfA genes than did the carriage and the clinical MSSA group (range, 0% to 58%). Genes of the enterotoxin gene cluster, seg, sei, sem, sen, and seo, were present in the clinical and carriage isolates but not in the CA-MRSA group. These results suggest that the presence of additional virulence factors in USA400 CA-MRSA strains compared to the nasal carriage and clinical MSSA strains probably contributed to their enhanced virulence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence Genes and Genotypic Associations in Nasal Carriage, Community-Associated Methicillin-Susceptible and Methicillin-Resistant USA400 Staphylococcus aureus Isolates

et al. 2010

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“…Among 107 isolates that underwent spa typing, no isolates of type t008, the type most closely associated with USA300, were reported. Many of the spa types reported in references 34 to 42 have been associated with either ST1 or USA400 in later studies (43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49). None was typed as USA300 or carried both the ACME and PVL.…”

Section: (100) 30mentioning

confidence: 95%

Pediatric Staphylococcus aureus Isolate Genotypes and Infections from the Dawn of the Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus Epidemic Era in Chicago, 1994 to 1997

et al. 2015

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dWidespread infections with community-associated (CA) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have occurred in the United States with the dissemination of the USA300 strain beginning in 2000. We examined 105 isolates obtained from children treated at the University of Chicago from 1994 to 1997 (75 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus [MSSA] and 30 MRSA isolates) in order to investigate for possible evidence of USA300 during this period. Infections were defined epidemiologically based on medical record review. The isolates underwent multilocus sequence typing (MLST), as well as assays for the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes, the protein A gene (spa), and arcA and opp3, proxy markers for the arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME), characteristic of USA300 MRSA. MRSA isolates also underwent staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) subtyping. MSSA isolates belonged to 17 sequence type (ST) groups. The 12 epidemiologically defined CA-MRSA infection isolates were either ST1 (n ‫؍‬ 4) or ST8 (n ‫؍‬ 8). They belonged to 3 different PFGE types: USA100 (n ‫؍‬ 1), USA400 (n ‫؍‬ 5), and USA500 (n ‫؍‬ 6). Among the CA-MRSA infection isolates, 8 (67%) were PVL ؉ . None of the MRSA or MSSA isolates contained arcA or opp3. Only one MRSA isolate was USA300 by PFGE. This was a health care-associated (HA) MRSA isolate, negative for PVL, that carried SCCmec type II. USA300 with its characteristic features was not identified in the collection from the years 1994 to 1997. In the mid-1990s, there was a major shift in the clinical and molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in the United States. One of the first reports of a different epidemiology for MRSA infections was from the children's hospital at the University of Chicago Medical Center (UCMC), in which previously healthy children were found to have MRSA infections (1). Notably, the incidence of MRSA infections among children having no previous exposure to the health care system increased significantly from 1988 -1990 to 1993-1995 at the UCMC. Another report documented rapidly fatal infections in four children in North Dakota and Minnesota from 1997 to 1999 (2). A further rapid increase in the incidence of MRSA disease among previously healthy people was documented at the UCMC in 1998UCMC in to 1999UCMC in (3) and 2004UCMC in to 2005, and in other geographic areas in the United States (5-16). These infections were caused by newly emergent strains of MRSA. Because these infections occurred in community settings, the new strains of MRSA causing these infections were called community-associated (CA) MRSA strains, and the infections, as defined by epidemiologic criteria (4, 6), have been called CA-MRSA infections.CA-MRSA strains have been studied extensively. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed that the initial strains found in the Midwest, Alaska, and New York belonged to a single clonal group classified as USA400 (17). Since 2000, however...

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“…CA-MRSA dissemination is reported to be frequent among homosexuals; soldiers; athletes; illicit injecting drug users; prisoners; people with compromised skin and mucosae, poor hygiene habits and postpartum mastitis; descendants of native North American populations; and children due to their contact with contaminated nasal secretions (13,14).…”

Section: S Aureus S Epidermidis S Saprophyticus S Haemolyticusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bonesso

Marques

Cunha

2011

J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis.

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Abstract:Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) are frequently found in nosocomial environments as the main pathogen in several infections. In 1961, reports of nosocomial S. aureus resistant to methicillin, the drug of choice against penicillin-resistant strains, required new alternatives and vancomycin started being used to treat infections caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) was first reported in 1990 affecting patients without risk factors for infection with MRSA of hospital origin. MRSA of community origin harbor the genes responsible for the synthesis of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), a toxin associated with skin and soft tissue infections and that carries the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IV. CA-MRSA emergence has caused great impact on the worldwide medical community since the presence of this pathogen in patients without risk factors represents a high risk to public health.

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Shift inStaphylococcus aureusClone Linked to an Infected Tattoo

Cited by 29 publications

References 13 publications

Virulence Genes and Genotypic Associations in Nasal Carriage, Community-Associated Methicillin-Susceptible and Methicillin-Resistant USA400 Staphylococcus aureus Isolates

Virulence Genes and Genotypic Associations in Nasal Carriage, Community-Associated Methicillin-Susceptible and Methicillin-Resistant USA400 Staphylococcus aureus Isolates

Pediatric Staphylococcus aureus Isolate Genotypes and Infections from the Dawn of the Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus Epidemic Era in Chicago, 1994 to 1997

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