Shift from coke to coal using direct reduction method and challenges

Chukwuleke, Okonkwo Paul; Cai, Jiuju; Chukwujekwu, Sam; Xiao, Song

doi:10.1016/s1006-706x(09)60018-2

Cited by 32 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…The oxygen is extracted from the iron ores (Fe 2 O 3 /Fe 3 O 4 ) leaving behind gangue constituents (un-valuable minerals) in the sponge iron, which must be separated in the electric arc furnace (EAF). Different reducing gases are used for this purpose, including CO, CH 4 , and H 2 ; other carbon-bearing materials may also be utilized [46][47][48]. An increase in the use of DRI processes has recently been observed due to less investment costs as compared to a BF technology [49,50].…”

Section: Direct Reduction Iron (Dri) Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coke oven gas: Availability, properties, purification, and utilization in China

Razzaq

Zhang

2013

Fuel

271

112

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Section: Direct Reduction Iron (Dri) Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coke oven gas: Availability, properties, purification, and utilization in China

Razzaq

Zhang

2013

Fuel

271

112

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“…Coke retains its solid structure in regions of the BF where the ores soften and melt thereby guaranteeing the gas flow and avoiding pressure drop through the bed. Consequently, operation of BF without coke is a challenge . The depletion of coke reserves and the raised environmental concerns motivated researchers to work on alternative iron‐making processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composite Pellets – A Potential Raw Material for Iron‐Making

Ahmed

Nurni

Björkman

2013

steel research int.

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Coke constitutes the major portion of iron-making cost and its production causes severe environmental concerns. In addition, lower energy consumption, lower CO 2 emission and waste recycling are driving the Iron and steel making industry to develop "coke free, zero waste or green processes". In the present article, an overview of possible ways to recognize a reasonable improvement in iron and steel making industry is summarized. The present discussion is focusing on the following approaches;1. Replacing expensive coke with relatively less expensive alternate fuels having carbon as well as significant amount of hydrogen such as coal, waste plastic and biomass materials. 2. Producing agglomerates from cheaper raw materials (secondary resources) as well as improving their performance in BF. 3. Making the process towards higher carbon utilization by shifting the wustite equilibrium towards lower CO/CO 2 ratio by using high reactive coke or catalytic activated one. 4. Recycling the unused CO in the top gas by removing CO 2 from the gas stream.Much attention has been paid to carbon composite agglomerates (CCA) as a promising raw material for future iron making. Production, mechanical and chemical suitability, reduction behavior, etc. are being elaborated. In addition, other possible ways to utilize CCA in alternate iron-making process has been explored.

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“…There are two types of processes for DRI production: coal-based and natural gasbased. Based on Chukwuleke et al (2009) it is assumed that 85% of the net imported DRI is produced by the natural gas-based process and 15% by the coal-based process. The calculated electricity and fossil fuel use for the production of net imported pig iron and DRI was added to the first use of electricity and fossil fuel in the U.S iron and steel industry given in Table 12.…”

Section: Energy Use Of the Us Iron And Steel Industry Based On Eia mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of iron and steel production energy use and energy intensity in China and the U.S.

Hasanbeigi

Price

Aden

et al. 2014

Journal of Cleaner Production

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Production of iron and steel is an energy-intensive manufacturing process. In 2006, the iron and steel industry accounted for 13.6% and 1.4% of primary energy consumption in China and the U.S., respectively (U.S. DOE/EIA, 2010a; Zhang et al., 2010). The energy efficiency of steel production has a direct impact on overall energy consumption and related carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. The goal of this study is to develop a methodology for making an accurate comparison of the energy intensity (energy use per unit of steel produced) of steel production. The methodology is applied to the steel industry in China and the U.S. The methodology addresses issues related to boundary definitions, conversion factors, and indicators in order to develop a common framework for comparing steel industry energy use.This study uses a bottom-up, physical-based method to compare the energy intensity of China and U.S. crude steel production in 2006. This year was chosen in order to maximize the availability of comparable steel-sector data. However, data published in China and the U.S. are not always consistent in terms of analytical scope, conversion factors, and information on adoption of energy-saving technologies. This study is primarily based on published annual data from the China Iron & Steel Association and National Bureau of Statistics in China and the Energy Information Agency in the U.S. This report found that the energy intensity of steel production is lower in the United States than China primarily due to structural differences in the steel industry in these two countries. In order to understand the differences in energy intensity of steel production in both countries, this report identified key determinants of sector energy use in both countries. Five determinants analyzed in this report include: share of electric arc furnaces in total steel production, sector penetration of energy-efficiency technologies, scale of production equipment, fuel shares in the iron and steel industry, and final steel product mix in both countries. The share of lower energy intensity electric arc furnace production in each country was a key determinant of total steel sector energy efficiency. Overall steel sector structure, in terms of average plant vintage and production capacity, is also an important variable though data were not available to quantify this in a scenario. The methodology developed in this report, along with the accompanying quantitative and qualitative analyses, provides a foundation for comparative international assessment of steel sector energy intensity.

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Shift from coke to coal using direct reduction method and challenges

Cited by 32 publications

References 0 publications

Coke oven gas: Availability, properties, purification, and utilization in China

Coke oven gas: Availability, properties, purification, and utilization in China

Composite Pellets – A Potential Raw Material for Iron‐Making

Comparison of iron and steel production energy use and energy intensity in China and the U.S.

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