Shi'ism as Interpreted by Khomeini: An Ideology of Revolutionary Violence

Zonis, Marvin; Brumberg, Daniel

doi:10.4324/9780429305993-4

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Shia religion, on the other hand, is historically rooted in Safavid dynasty (1500-1722) which eventually established the Shiite branch of Islam as the official state religion after the Arab conquest of Iran that took place from 633 to 654 AD [6]. Although some aspects of Shi'ism have been challenged by modernization processes which were taking place during Pahlavi dynasty , by inception of the Islamic Revolution in 1979, it eventually re-established itself as political religion under the auspices of the ecclesiastics of the time [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Between Tolerance and Exclusionism: Urban Iranian Youth’s Attitudes towards Race and Religion

Matin

2022

AJHSS

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Although the resurgence of race and religiosity among Iranians predates the past millennium, it was not until beginning of twentieth century that both religion and race entered the public discourse, gradually becoming the key constituents of Iranian identity. The emergence of the non-conformist young generation in early 1990s, however, raises important questions about the critical role of race and religion in shaping Iranian youth’s identities. With a specific attention to the most mature (25-29 years old) segment of the middle-class residents of Tehran, and through conducting a series of focus groups, this study explores how these individuals imagine their selves vis-à-vis the others in relation to race and religion. The findings ultimately point to the participants’ oscillation between tolerance and exclusionism towards other races and religions as a way to disentangle the complexities of their identities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%