Shellfish Diseases and Health Management

Infectious diseases of marine molluscs and host responses as revealed by genomic tools

“…Like most members of the genus, B. ostreae can be transmitted directly among oysters; thus movements of seed or adult oysters, and even larvae [83], from enzootic regions are potential sources of infection. The well-documented history of transfers of flat oysters, and likely the parasite, too, from California to France and Spain, and thence to other regions of Europe, has been previously described [28]. Bonamia ostreae prevalence is greatest during warm months, but infections show no strong seasonality [83].…”

The ecology, evolution, impacts and management of host–parasite interactions of marine molluscs

“…Since the 1950s perhaps, diseases linked to mortality of bivalves, especially protozoans such as Perkinsus, Haplosporidium, Marteilia, and Bonamia (e.g., Fernández Robledo et al, 2014), but also others more recently such as viruses, bacteria, phages, macroparasites, non-native species, and even other molluscs have been the focus of numerous studies on parasites, as well as environmental triggers and aspects of the hosts (e.g., Getchell, 1991;Lauckner, 1983;Grizel et al, 1986;Gibbons and Blogoslawski, 1989;Sinderman, 1990;Ford and Tripp, 1996;Ford, 2001;Ford et al, 2002;Burreson and Ford, 2004;Paillard et al, 2004;Renault and Novoa, 2004;Lorenz, 2005;McGladdery et al, 2006;Elston and Ford, 2011;Carnegie and Burreson, 2012).…”

“…Cultivated molluscs in some cases provide many of the same ecosystem services as those of wild shellfish-dominated ecosystems (e.g., filtration; Dumbauld et al, 2009;Bostock et al, 2010;Coen et al, 2011), and the disease dynamics of cultivated and wild populations are often inextricably linked. Diseases and pests are now a major problem for cultivated populations worldwide, where huge investments are made in hatcheries, nurseries, grow-out leases, capital equipment and labor (e.g., Kraeuter and Castagna, 2001;Creswell and McNevin, 2008;Dumbauld et al, 2009;Elston and Ford, 2011;Diana et al, 2013;Shinn et al, 2015). For example, Shinn et al (2015) estimate that in the UK, parasites account for an annual loss of 5.8-16.5% of the value of aquaculture production across all species, in freshwater and marine systems.…”

Effect of the probiotic strainPhaeobacter gallaeciensisafter bacterial challenge on the complete larval development ofPecten maximus

“…Since the early beginnings of bivalve aquaculture, bacterial infections have been reported, particularly during larval stages (Paillard et al 2004;Elston and Ford 2011). Most of these pathogenic bacteria can be traced back to Vibrio genera that regularly induce mass mortality events, thus causing major economic losses in this industry (Verschuere et al 2000;Elston 2008;Elston and Ford 2011). Consequently, sanitary methods are commonly used to prevent the introduction of pathogens in hatcheries, among which quarantining the broodstock, chlorine treatment, heat, filtration, ozone, and ultraviolet irradiation Elston and Ford 2011).…”

“…Most of these pathogenic bacteria can be traced back to Vibrio genera that regularly induce mass mortality events, thus causing major economic losses in this industry (Verschuere et al 2000;Elston 2008;Elston and Ford 2011). Consequently, sanitary methods are commonly used to prevent the introduction of pathogens in hatcheries, among which quarantining the broodstock, chlorine treatment, heat, filtration, ozone, and ultraviolet irradiation Elston and Ford 2011). To improve larval survival, antibiotics are also currently utilized for some bivalves including scallops (Pectinidae) and flat oysters (Ostreidae) to disinfect broodstock, to manage the bacterial a Corresponding author: rejean_tremblay@uqar.qc.ca load and to eliminate Vibrio Nicolas et al 1996;Torkildsen et al 2000).…”