Shellac: A Bioactive Coating for Surface Engineering of Cardiovascular Devices

Abstract

materials due to the surface-induced clotting and thrombus formation that can cause device failure. [1,2] The proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) on the surfaces of foreign materials may lead to restenosis upon implantation of cardiovascular devices such as stents. [3] The intimal hyperplasia and thrombosis are the main reasons that lead to low retrievable rate of inferior vena cava filters (IVCs). [4] It is a major challenge to create a safe bloodcontacting surface balancing cytocompatibility and antithrombogenic effects. [2,[5][6][7][8][9][10] In addition, the bacterial infection of cardiovascular devices such as catheters and artificial blood vessels must be avoided, as it may also cause implant failures, while being life-threatening in extreme cases. [11] Shellac (also known as lac) is a natural resin that can potentially be used as a bioactive material to modify the surfaces of blood-contacting devices. Shellac is secreted by shellac insects that parasitize on branches of certain legumes by sucking the sap. [12] It is composed of polyester and single ester with polyhydroxypolybasic acids such as aleuritic acid, jalaric acid, and laccijalaric acid with the chemical structure depicted in Figure 1a. [13] The hydrophobic (aleuritic acid) and hydrophilic (cyclic terpene acid) components of shellac are linked with each other through ester bonds, providing it with an amphiphilic nature. [13] Shellac

Amorphous Sugar Materials as Sustainable and Scalable Alternatives for Rigid, Short-Term-Use Products

“…With this formulation, the Shore A hardness decreases only 1.0–1.6% when stored at 90% humidity, while the masses of the samples only increase by approximately 0.10–0.25%, likely as a result of adsorbed water on the surface of the materials. Shellaca nontoxic, food-safe, biodegradable natural polymeradheres well to isomalt (Figure D) and provides a suitable surface for cellulose acetate (Figure E) that imparts the desired moisture resistance. Cellulose acetate biodegrades in a variety of anaerobic and aerobic composting conditions and microbial environments .…”

Antibacterial Ti–Cu implants: A critical review on mechanisms of action

“…Numerous techniques, including ion implantation [ 83 ], oxidation [ 109 ], ion-beam assisted deposition [ 110 ], dip coating [ 111 ], plasma spraying [ 112 , 113 ], electroplating [ 114 ], magnetron sputtering [ 105 , [115] , [116] , [117] , [118] , [119] ], ion-assisted plasma polymerization [ [120] , [121] , [122] , [123] , [124] ] and plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) [ [125] , [126] , [127] , [128] , [129] ] have been established to fabricate implant coatings and bioactive interfaces. In particular, a large body of works has been devoted to create contact killing surfaces that contain bactericidal agents such as F [ 130 ], Cu [ 83 , 131 ], Ag [ 108 , 109 , 132 ] and Zn [ 133 ].…”

Nitric Oxide‐Releasing Macromolecular Systems in Anticoagulant Therapeutics

“…However, the administration of heparin may give rise to complications such as heparininduced thrombocytopenia, thrombosis, and intramural colonic hematoma. [5,6] Other anticoagulant coatings, such as hydrogel coatings, [7] shellac coatings [8] and poly(2-methoxyethylacrylate) (PMEA) coatings, [9][10][11] have shown potential in improving the benefits of blood-contacting medical devices. However, they also have some shortcomings, such as complications induced by the coatings and lack of practicality in actual conditions.…”