Shell sand: A new filter medium for constructed wetlands and wastewater treatment

Roseth, Roger

doi:10.1080/10934520009377039

Cited by 46 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…These are investigations using shell sand (e.g. Á dám et al 2007;Sovik and Klove 2005;Roseth 2000) show such calcareous material to be effective in the removal of phosphate from wastewater under experimental settings under more northern climate conditions. Specific properties of the unconsolidated limestone are beneficial for use in SFCWs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralogical and hydrogeologic properties of a partially unconsolidated Pleistocene limestone in the east central Yucatán: implications for the development of subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs) in the region

Krekeler

Calkins

Borkiewicz

2010

Carbonates Evaporites

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A partially unconsolidated Pleistocene limestone from a roadside quarry near kilometer 175 on route 307 in the eastern Yucatán was investigated to assess suitability for use in subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs) in the region. Powder X-ray diffraction investigation of bulk samples indicates that the mineralogy consists of calcite with minor amounts of quartz. Clay-sized insoluble materials in the limestone constitute approximately 2-8 wt% of samples. Powder X-ray diffraction combined with transmission electron microscopy indicates that insoluble materials are dominantly Ca-montmorillonite with trace amounts of kaolinite and minor amounts of amorphous aluminum-silicon oxides. Bulk properties are generally appropriate for use as media with hydraulic conductivity values (K) varying from approximately 0.0001-0.0393 cm/s. Uniformity coefficients (Cu) vary from 3 to 5.35. Owing to the partially unconsolidated nature of the limestone, it is possible to modify the materials to desired parameters for needs of a given SFCW. The occurrence of Ca-montmorillonite and Al-Si oxides in the material has some environmental advantages in being able to absorb a wider range of pollutants over current aragonite and calcite-based aggregate. The aggregate source is in a geographically strategic location to serve the expanding development of tourism infrastructure. The limestone material is an environmentally sound and economically advantageous target material for use in SFCWs because transportation costs and crushing costs are minimized and mining would be from an already disturbed portion of the landscape.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralogical and hydrogeologic properties of a partially unconsolidated Pleistocene limestone in the east central Yucatán: implications for the development of subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs) in the region

Krekeler

Calkins

Borkiewicz

2010

Carbonates Evaporites

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“…[19] Iron rich sand, which is used in many systems, has a sorption capacity of more than 1 g P/kg. Shellsand is a natural carbonaceous material consisting mainly of CaCO 3 and MgCO 3 and has a P-sorption capacity of 17 g P/kg.…”

Section: The Pretreatment Biofiltermentioning

confidence: 99%

High Performance Constructed Wetlands for Cold Climates

Jenssen¹,

Mæhlum²,

Krogstad³

et al. 2005

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A

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In 1991, the first subsurface flow constructed wetland for treatment of domestic wastewater was built in Norway. Today, this method is rapidly becoming a popular method for wastewater treatment in rural Norway. This is due to excellent performance even during winter and low maintenance. The systems can be constructed regardless of site conditions. The Norwegian concept for small constructed wetlands is based on the use of a septic tank followed by an aerobic vertical down-flow biofilter succeeded by a subsurface horizontal-flow constructed wetland. The aerobic biofilter, prior to the subsurface flow stage, is essential to remove BOD and achieve nitrification in a climate where the plants are dormant during the cold season. When designed according to present guidelines a consistent P-removal of > 90% can be expected for 15 years using natural iron or calcium rich sand or a new manufactured lightweight aggregate with P-sorption capacities, which exceeds most natural media. When the media is saturated with P it can be used as soil conditioner and P-fertilizer. Nitrogen removal in the range of 40-60% is achieved. Removal of indicator bacteria is high and < 1000 thermotolerant coliforms/100 ml is normally achieved.

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“…New, innovative treatment methods, such as fi ltering ditches and lime-sand fi lters, together with and in addition to buff er zones and wetlands, have been developed and tested for their ability to remove P from runoff (Kirkkala, 2001). In Finland, this work was fi rst done in the European Union and nationally cofunded Pyhäjärvi LIFE project (1996-2000, and currently in the project fi nanced by ERDF, European Regional Development Fund Program for Southern Finland, "Inventory of water protection measures and the technical innovations of catchment restoration in changing climate" (2008)(2009)(2010)(2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

Long-Term Field-Scale Experiment on Using Lime Filters in an Agricultural Catchment

2012

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Th e River Yläneenjoki catchment in southwest Finland is an area with a high agricultural nutrient load. We report here on the nutrient removal performance of three on-site lime-sand fi lters (F1, F2, and F3), established within or on the edge of the buff er zones. Th e fi lters contain burnt lime (CaO) or spent lime [CaO, Ca(OH) 2 , and CaCO 3 ]. Easily soluble lime results in a high pH level (>11) and leads to an effi cient precipitation of soluble phosphorus (P) from the runoff . Water samples were taken from the infl ow and outfl ow of each site in diff erent hydrological situations. Th e length of the monitoring period was 4 yr for F1, 6 yr for F2, and 1.5 yr for F3. F1 and F2 signifi cantly reduced the suspended solids (SS), total P (PTOT), and dissolved reactive P (DRP) in the treated water. Th e proportional reduction (%) varied but was usually clearly positive. Filter F3 was divided into two equal parts, one containing burnt lime and the other spent lime. Both fi lter parts removed PTOT and SS effi ciently from the water; the burnt-lime part also removed DRP. Th e mixed-lime part removed DRP for a year, but then the effi ciency decreased. Th e eff ect of fi lters on nitrogen compounds varied. We conclude that sand fi lters incorporating lime can be used together with buff er zones to reduce both P and SS load to watercourses.

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Shell sand: A new filter medium for constructed wetlands and wastewater treatment

Cited by 46 publications

References 2 publications

Mineralogical and hydrogeologic properties of a partially unconsolidated Pleistocene limestone in the east central Yucatán: implications for the development of subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs) in the region

Mineralogical and hydrogeologic properties of a partially unconsolidated Pleistocene limestone in the east central Yucatán: implications for the development of subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs) in the region

High Performance Constructed Wetlands for Cold Climates

Long-Term Field-Scale Experiment on Using Lime Filters in an Agricultural Catchment

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