Sheet moulding compound (SMC) from carbon fibre recyclate

Palmer, J.; Savage, Luke; Ghita, Oana; Evans, K. E.

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.05.005

Cited by 125 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…However, numerous other reports evaluating vCF replacement with rCF have shown significant degradation of the mechanical properties of rCF and the resulting composite material (Kouparitsas et al, 2002;Ogi et al, 2007). (Palmer et al, 2010) In the present study, fibrous CF recyclate (rCF) is assumed to displace glass fibres (GF) in composite materials at a ratio of 1:1 by weight, thereby avoiding the energy and GWP impacts of GF production. Based on the rCF yield from CFRP mechanical recycling, displacing 1 kg GF would require the input of 4.2 kg waste CFRP.…”

Section: Mechanical Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fine fibre, termed here "recycled carbon fibres"(rCF) can be reused as reinforcement material in new composites by replacing a certain proportion of raw fibre material; however, there are limits of proportion of rCF that can be used without resulting in a significant degradation of material properties (Pickering, 2006). Investigations into rCF use to replace the same volume virgin glass fibre (vGF) have shown mechanical properties are similar with composites using 100% vGF (Palmer et al, 2010): when produced with rCF, the flexural modulus of the composite material has slightly increased by 15% but mechanical flexural strength decreased by 14%. Some literature claims rCF can be used to replace virgin carbon fibre (vCF) in direct injection moulding with nearly no degradation of mechanical properties (Takahashi et al, 2007).…”

Section: Mechanical Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mass balances through the mechanical recycling process are shown in Figure 2. Fine fibre, fine powder and coarse recyclate fractions represent 24wt%, 19 wt% and 57 wt% of outputs respectively (Palmer et al, 2010). Fine fibre, termed here "recycled carbon fibres"(rCF) can be reused as reinforcement material in new composites by replacing a certain proportion of raw fibre material; however, there are limits of proportion of rCF that can be used without resulting in a significant degradation of material properties (Pickering, 2006).…”

Section: Mechanical Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the uncertain economic viability of recycling processes and availability of markets for recycled material are two key barriers to the implementation of CFRP recycling. Recycled carbon fibres (rCF) from mechanical recycling processes typically exhibit reduced mechanical properties and reduction in fibre length, thereby forcing these materials to lower-value applications than virgin carbon fibres (vCF) (Palmer et al, 2010). More advanced techniques such as pyrolysis and fluidised bed, which thermochemically decompose the cross-linked matrix material, can recovery clean and high quality rCF, but are expected to exhibit higher process costs and greater energy intensity than mechanical recycling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental and financial performance of mechanical recycling of carbon fibre reinforced polymers and comparison with conventional disposal routes

Bai

McKechnie

2016

Journal of Cleaner Production

162

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A note on versions:The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the repository url above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. ABSTRACTRecovering value from carbon fibre reinforced polymers waste can help to address the high cost and environmental burden of producing carbon fibres, but there is limited understanding of the cost and environmental implications of potential recycling technologies. The objective of this study is to assess the environmental and financial viability of mechanical recycling of carbon fibre composite waste. Life cycle costing and environmental assessment models are developed to quantify the financial and environmental impacts of alternative composite waste treatment routes, comparing landfilling, incineration with energy recovery, and mechanical recycling in a UK context. Current Landfill Tax results in incineration becoming the lowest cost composite waste treatment option; however, incineration is associated with high greenhouse gas emissions as carbon released from composite waste during combustion exceeds CO2 emissions savings from displacing UK electricity and/or heat generation, resulting in a net greenhouse gas emissions source. Mechanical recycling and fibre reuse to displace virgin glass fibre can provide the greatest greenhouse gas emissions reductions of the treatment routes considered (378 kg CO2eq./t composite waste), provided residual recyclates are landfilled rather than incinerated. However, this pathway is found to be unfeasible due to its high cost, which exceeds £2,500/t composite waste ($3,750/t composite waste). The financial performance of mechanical recycling is impaired by the high costs of dismantling and recycling processes; low carbon fibre recovery rate; and low value of likely markets. To be viable, carbon fibre recycling processes must achieve near-100% fibre recover rates and minimise the degradation of fibre mechanical properties to enable higher-value applications (e.g., virgin carbon fibre displacement). Ongoing development of carbon fibre recovery technologies and composite manufacturing techniques using recycled carbon fibres leading to improved material properties is therefore critical to ensuring financial viability and environmental benefit of carbon fibre reinforced polymer recycling.

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Section: Mechanical Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanical Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanical Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Environmental and financial performance of mechanical recycling of carbon fibre reinforced polymers and comparison with conventional disposal routes

Bai

McKechnie

2016

Journal of Cleaner Production

162

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“…The hybrid SMC composites, containing both glass and carbon bundles, is a modern idea that very recently attracted the composite suppliers industry. The hybridization process can consider glass and other types of fibers, like carbon (Palmer et al, 2010;Zaiß et al, 2017;Trauth et al, 2018) or natural ones (Sanjay and Yogesha, 2017). The usual SMC glass fiber reinforced composites have been extensively studied and have practically reached their limit in terms of mechanical performance.…”

Section: A C C E P T E D Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical micromechanical modeling of the viscoelastic behavior coupled to damage in SMC and SMC-hybrid composites

Anagnostou

Chatzigeorgiou

Chemisky

et al. 2018

Composites Part B: Engineering

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is an open access repository that collects the work of Arts et Métiers ParisTech researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible. AbstractThe aim of this paper is to study, through a multiscale analysis, the viscoelastic behavior of glass reinforced sheet molding compound (SMC) composites and SMC-hybrid composites mixing two types of bundle reinforcement: glass and carbon fibers. SMC exhibit more than two distinct characteristic length scales, so that a sequence of scale transitions is required to obtain the overall behavior of the composite. An analytical procedure is used consisting of properly selected well-established micromechanical methods like the Mori-Tanaka (MTM) and the composite cylinders (CCM) accounting for each scale transition. After selecting a representative volume element (RVE) for each scale, the material response of any given length scale is described on the basis of the homogenized behavior of the next finer one. This hierarchical approach is appropriately extended to the viscoelastic domain to account for the time dependent overall response of the SMC composite material. The anisotropic damage has been introduced through a micromechanical model considering matrix penny-shape microcrack density inside bundles. The capabilities of the hierarchical modeling are illustrated with various parametric studies and simulation of experimental data for glass-based SMC composites.

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Recycling Thermoset Composite Materials

Pickering

2012

Wiley Encyclopedia of Composites

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In this article, the recycling of thermoset composites is described. Thermosetting polymers, once cured, cannot be remolded by melting and so the methods used for recycling thermoplastics cannot be used. Recycling is therefore carried out by one of two methods. The waste composite materials may be reduced in size to make powdered and fibrous materials that may be used as constituents in new composites. Alternatively, thermal and chemical techniques are used to remove the thermosetting polymer from the fiber reinforcement to produce a fiber recyclate, potentially of high value, that can be used as a reinforcement in new composites. The current state of development of these recycling routes is described and applications for the recycled material considered. Some areas for future research are identified.

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Sheet moulding compound (SMC) from carbon fibre recyclate

Cited by 125 publications

References 14 publications

Environmental and financial performance of mechanical recycling of carbon fibre reinforced polymers and comparison with conventional disposal routes

Environmental and financial performance of mechanical recycling of carbon fibre reinforced polymers and comparison with conventional disposal routes

Hierarchical micromechanical modeling of the viscoelastic behavior coupled to damage in SMC and SMC-hybrid composites

Recycling Thermoset Composite Materials

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