Shedding of malignant catarrhal fever virus by wildebeest calves

Mushi, E.Z.; Rurangirwa, Fred R.; Karstad, L.

doi:10.1016/0378-1135(81)90021-3

Cited by 38 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 5 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Newer technologies, such as competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) and PCR (1,12,13) and quantitative PCR (6,8), have dramatically accelerated the understanding of the epidemiology of OvHV-2 in recent years, in both clinically susceptible species and in its own natural host, the domestic sheep. A number of studies have confirmed that under natural flock conditions the majority of lambs are not infected until after 2 months of age (16), which significantly differs from alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 infection in wildebeest calves (19,20). Unlike wildebeest, placental transmission only rarely occurs in sheep (16).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Shedding of Ovine Herpesvirus 2 in Sheep Nasal Secretions: the Predominant Mode for Transmission

Taus

Lewis

et al. 2004

J Clin Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), the major causative agent of malignant catarrhal fever in ruminant species worldwide, has never been propagated in vitro. Using real-time PCR, a striking, short-lived, peak of viral DNA, ranging from 10 5 to over 10 8 copies/2 g of DNA, was detected in nasal secretions from over 60.7% of adolescent sheep (n ‫؍‬ 56) at some point during the period from 6 to 9 months of age. In contrast, only about 18% of adult sheep (n ‫؍‬ 33) experienced a shedding episode during the study period. The general pattern of the appearance of viral DNA in nasal secretions was a dramatic rise and subsequent fall within 24 to 36 h, implying a single cycle of viral replication. These episodes occurred sporadically and infrequently, but over the 3-month period most of the 56 lambs (33, or 60.7%) experienced at least one episode. No corresponding fluctuations in DNA levels were found in either peripheral blood leukocytes or plasma. In a DNase protection assay, complete, enveloped OvHV-2 virions were demonstrated in the nasal secretions of all sheep examined during the time when they were experiencing an intense shedding episode. OvHV-2 infectivity in nasal secretions was also demonstrated by aerosolization of the secretions into OvHV-2-negative sheep. The data herein show that nasal shedding is the major mode of OvHV-2 transmission among domestic sheep and that adolescents represent the highest risk group for transmission.

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Shedding of Ovine Herpesvirus 2 in Sheep Nasal Secretions: the Predominant Mode for Transmission

Taus

Lewis

et al. 2004

J Clin Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Mushi et al [17] reported that AlHV-1 was isolated from nasal and ocular secretions of wildebeest calves up to 3 months of age; thereafter, the virus could not be isolated from these secretions. It is assumed that infected sheep may intensively shed OvHV-2 during a certain period after their primary infection as is the case with AlHV-1-infected wildebeest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AlHV-1 crosses the placenta in some cows, and the calf is born infected with the virus. AlHV-1 infection occurs during the perinatal period [18,19], and infected wildebeest calves shed the infectious virus in nasal or ocular secretions, primarily during the first 3 months of life [17].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Transmission of Ovine Herpesvirus-2 in Sheep

Nishimori

Ishihara

Kanno

et al. 2004

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ABSTRACT. Transmission of ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) in sheep via natural contact and nasal secretions was examined. OvHV-2-free lambs were produced by separating newborn lambs from their mothers within 5 days of birth and raising them in an isolation facility. Transmission experiments via natural contact were conducted by keeping OvHV-2-free lambs with OvHV-2-infected sheep of different ages. Six of the infected ewes in this experiment were pregnant and gave birth during the experimental period. OvHV-2 was not transmitted from the adult sheep, though viral DNA was consistently detected in their peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). On the othe r hand, OvHV-2 was transmitted from recently infected lambs to sheep at 10 or 12 weeks after the onset of contact. In addition, we attempted the experimental transmission of OvHV-2 via nasal secretions, by transferring nasal washings from infected sheep to the nostrils of uninfected sheep. Sheep receiving the nasal washings from infected adult sheep maintained their negative status for 15 months, whereas sheep receiving nasal washings from recently infected lambs acquired OvHV-2 by 8 months. The results of these experiments support that OvHV-2 is more easily transmitted to negative sheep by recently infected lambs than by adult sheep. Further, it is supposed that the nasal cavity is a portal for entry and shedding of infectious OvHV-2 in sheep. KEY WORDS: malignant catarrhal fever, nasal secretion, ovine, ovine herpesvirus-2, transmission.

show abstract

“…Shedding patterns differ between natural hosts: infected sheep shed the virus sporadically with a short-lived episode, more frequently between 6 and 9 months of age (Li et al, 2004), and newborn lambs are not the source of infection (Li et al, 2004). By contrast, most newborn wildebeest calves are infected and shed virus continuously until 3-4 months of age, and are the primary virus source for transmission (Mushi et al, 1981). Cell tropisms are different between the two viruses: AlHV-1 readily grows in various cell lines (Plowright, 1990) and infection can be induced in cattle or rabbits by cell-free virus through various routes, including intranasally, intramuscularly and intravenously (Haig et al, 2008;Mushi, 1980).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%