Shear viscosity of rhyolite-vapor emulsions at magmatic temperatures by concentric cylinder rheometry

Abstract

The viscosity of natural rhyolitic melt from Lipari, Aeolian Islands and melt-bubble emulsions (30^50 vol% porosity) generated from Lipari rhyolite have been measured in a concentric cylinder rheometer at temperatures and shear rates in the range 925^1150 ‡C and 10 33^1 0 31:2 s 31 , respectively, in order to better understand the dependence of emulsion shear viscosity on temperature and shear rate in natural systems. Bubble-free melt exhibits Newtonian rrhenian behavior in the temperature range 950^1150 ‡C with an activation energy of 395 þ 30 kJ/mol; the shear viscosity is given by log R m = 38.320+20624/T. Suspensions were prepared from natural rhyolite glass to which small amounts of Na 2 SO 4 were added as a 'foaming agent'. Reasonably homogeneous magmatic mixtures with an approximate log-normal distribution of bubbles were generated by this technique. Suspension viscosity varied from 10 6:1 to 10 8:37 Pa s and systematically correlates with temperature and porosity in the shear stress range (10 4:26^1 0 5:46 Pa) of the experiments. The viscosity of melt-bubble emulsions is described in terms of the relative viscosity, R r = R e / R m where R e is the emulsion viscosity and R m is the viscosity of melt of the same composition and temperature. The dependence of relative viscosity on porosity for magmatic emulsions depends on the magnitude of the capillary number CarG/(cr 31 b R 31 m ), the ratio of viscous forces acting to deform bubbles to interfacial forces resisting bubble deformation. For inviscid bubbles in magmatic flows three regimes may be identified. For Ca 6 0.1, bubbles are nearly spherical and relative viscosity is an increasing function of porosity. For dilute systems, R r = 1+P given by the classical result of Taylor [Proc. R. Soc. London A 138 (1932) 41^48]. For Ca in the range 0.1 6 Ca 6 10, emulsions behave as power law fluids and the relative viscosity depends on shear rate (or Ca) as well as porosity. At high Ca (Ca s 10) an asymptotic regime is reached in which relative viscosity decreases with increasing porosity and is independent of Ca. Our experiments were carried out for 30 6 Ca 6 925 in order to quantify the maximal effect of bubbles in reducing the viscosity of magmatic emulsions relative to single-phase melt at identical conditions of shear rate and temperature. The viscosity of a 50 vol% emulsion is a factor of five smaller than that of melt alone. Rheometric measurements obtained in this study are useful in constraining models of magma transport and volcanic eruption mechanics relevant to transport of volatile-saturated magma in the crust and upper mantle. ß 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.Keywords: magmatic emulsion; magma rheology; melts and bubbles; relative viscosity 0377-0273 / 02 / $^see front matter ß 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 3 7 7 -0 2 7 3 ( 0 1 ) 0 0 2 6 0 -8

Preeruptive magma viscosity: An important measure of magma eruptibility

“…These bubbles behave like rigid particles, causing an increase in magma viscosity. Stein and Spera [2002] summarized the situation as follows: when Ca > 10, magma viscosity is decreased by bubbles; however, when Ca < 0.1, it is increased.…”

The multiphase rheology of magmas from Monte Nuovo (Campi Flegrei, Italy)

“…The presence of bubbles can either increase or decrease the viscosity of a suspension depending on the dynamic regime (Manga et al, 1998;Stein and Spera, 2002;Llewellin et al, 2002;Rust and Manga, 2002;Llewellin and Manga, 2005). Similarly to solid particles, bubbles deform flow lines within the suspending medium, which tends to increase the viscosity.…”

Dispersed Systems in Heavy Crude Oils

“…The decreasing apparent viscosity of a bubbly material below the viscosity of the material itself has already been observed for viscous fluids like magmas or melt glass and polymers (Manga and Loewenberg, 2001;Llewellin et al, 2002;Rust and Manga, 2002;Stein and Spera, 2002;Bagdassarov and Pinkerton, 2003;Tuladhar and Mackley, 2005). These studies have shown that this behaviour is due to Viscosity ratio of a Canadian heavy oil saturated in methane and depressurized instantaneously from 30 bars to room pressure at different shear rates.…”