Shear Viscosity Behavior of Emulsions of Two Immiscible Liquids

Pal, Rajinder

doi:10.1006/jcis.2000.6776

Cited by 183 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Increasing the O/S ratio results in an increase in the droplet size; thus, the mean separation distance between the droplets increases, and this then results in decreases in viscosity. 32,35,36 Figure 5 depicts the interaction of mixing rate and mixing time on viscosity of the nanoemulsions. The increase in mixing rate led to a decrease in viscosity.…”

Section: Mixing Timementioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation development and optimization of palm kernel oil esters-based nanoemulsions containing sodium diclofenac

Rezaee

Basri²,

Rahman³

et al. 2014

IJN

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Response surface methodology was employed to study the effect of formulation composition variables, water content (60%–80%, w/w) and oil and surfactant (O/S) ratio (0.17–1.33), as well as high-shear emulsification conditions, mixing rate (300–3,000 rpm) and mixing time (5–30 minutes) on the properties of sodium diclofenac-loaded palm kernel oil esters-nanoemulsions. The two response variables were droplet size and viscosity. Optimization of the conditions according to the four variables was performed for preparation of the nanoemulsions with the minimum values of particle size and viscosity. The results showed that the experimental data could be sufficiently fitted into a third-order polynomial model with multiple regression coefficients ( R 2 ) of 0.938 and 0.994 for the particle size and viscosity, respectively. Water content, O/S ratio and mixing time, quadrics of all independent variables, interaction between O/S ratio and mixing rate and between mixing time and rate, as well as cubic term of water content had a significant effect ( P <0.05) on the particle size of nanoemulsions. The linear effect of all independent variables, quadrics of water content and O/S ratio, interaction of water content and O/S ratio, as well as cubic term of water content and O/S ratio had significant effects ( P <0.05) on the viscosity of all nanoemulsions. The optimum conditions for preparation of sodium diclofenac nanoemulsions were predicted to be: 71.36% water content; 0.69 O/S ratio; 950 rpm mixing rate, and 5 minute mixing time. The optimized formulation showed good storage stability in different temperatures.

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Section: Mixing Timementioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation development and optimization of palm kernel oil esters-based nanoemulsions containing sodium diclofenac

Rezaee

Basri²,

Rahman³

et al. 2014

IJN

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“…According to Pal (2000), as droplet size increases, the number of droplets per unit volume of the emulsion decreases and the average distance of separation between the droplets increases. 24 Therefore, the droplets become more mobile and show less resistance to flow showing a lower viscosity.…”

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confidence: 98%

Development, rheological properties, and physical stability of d‐limonene‐in‐water emulsions formulated with copolymers as emulsifiers

Trujillo-Cayado

Garcı́a

Muñoz

et al. 2016

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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This contribution reports the development of 30 wt % D-limonene-in-water emulsions formulated with a biopolymer (gellan gum) as stabilizer and prepared with a high-pressure homogenizer. The role as emulsifiers of different ratios of amphiphilic copolymers (Atlas TM G5000 and Atlox TM 4913) was assessed. The results indicated that the ratio of emulsifiers had significant effect on the physical stability, droplet size, viscoelasticity, and viscosity of these emulsions. The mean droplet diameters decreased as Atlas TM G5000 concentration increased from 1 wt % to 3 wt %. The aging of emulsions resulted in an increase in the size of droplets for the emulsions containing high Atlox TM 4913 copolymer content. An increase of Atlas TM G5000 enhanced both the G 0 and G 00 values and the viscosity providing higher stability to emulsions. Gellan gum caused in viscoelastic moduli weaker frequency dependence at the lower frequencies, according to the formation of a faint gel-like matrix. All emulsions exhibited shear thinning flow properties that fitted the power-law equation.

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“…The droplets would be more stable when the IFT decreased after emulsifiers were added, and the emulsifiers can also create a steric and electrostatic barrier to slow coalescence. The hydrodynamic interactions of droplet-droplet, droplet-particle, and particle-particle can lead to a more viscous fluid, which will slow the kinetics of coalescence [13,14]. Emulsification of a crude oil-water system is significantly affected by conditions such as water fraction, shear intensity, and temperature [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Shearing Energy and Interfacial Gibbs Free Energy in the Emulsification Mechanism of Waxy Crude Oil

Wang

Lin

Rui³

et al. 2017

Energies

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Abstract:Crude oil is generally produced with water, and the water cut produced by oil wells is increasingly common over their lifetime, so it is inevitable to create emulsions during oil production. However, the formation of emulsions presents a costly problem in surface process particularly, both in terms of transportation energy consumption and separation efficiency. To deal with the production and operational problems which are related to crude oil emulsions, especially to ensure the separation and transportation of crude oil-water systems, it is necessary to better understand the emulsification mechanism of crude oil under different conditions from the aspects of bulk and interfacial properties. The concept of shearing energy was introduced in this study to reveal the driving force for emulsification. The relationship between shearing stress in the flow field and interfacial tension (IFT) was established, and the correlation between shearing energy and interfacial Gibbs free energy was developed. The potential of the developed correlation model was validated using the experimental and field data on emulsification behavior. It was also shown how droplet deformation could be predicted from a random deformation degree and orientation angle. The results indicated that shearing energy as the energy produced by shearing stress working in the flow field is the driving force activating the emulsification behavior. The deformation degree and orientation angle of dispersed phase droplet are associated with the interfacial properties, rheological properties and the experienced turbulence degree. The correlation between shearing stress and IFT can be quantified if droplet deformation degree vs. droplet orientation angle data is available. When the water cut is close to the inversion point of waxy crude oil emulsion, the interfacial Gibbs free energy change decreased and the shearing energy increased. This feature is also presented in the special regions where the suddenly changed flow field can be formed. Hence, the shearing energy is an effective form that can show the contribution of kinetic energy for the oil-water mixtures to interfacial Gibbs free energy in emulsification process, and the emulsification mechanism of waxy crude oil-water emulsions was further explained from the theoretical level.

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Shear Viscosity Behavior of Emulsions of Two Immiscible Liquids

Cited by 183 publications

References 20 publications

Formulation development and optimization of palm kernel oil esters-based nanoemulsions containing sodium diclofenac

Formulation development and optimization of palm kernel oil esters-based nanoemulsions containing sodium diclofenac

Development, rheological properties, and physical stability of d‐limonene‐in‐water emulsions formulated with copolymers as emulsifiers

The Role of Shearing Energy and Interfacial Gibbs Free Energy in the Emulsification Mechanism of Waxy Crude Oil

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