Shear test results for cohesion and friction coefficients for different granular materials: scaling implications for their usage in analogue modelling

Schellart, Wouter P.

doi:10.1016/s0040-1951(00)00111-6

Cited by 368 publications

(248 citation statements)

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“…Wet kaolin has a shear strength in the range 40 to 100 Pa (Eisenstadt and Sims, 2005;van der Elst, 2012: Cooke et al, 2013) and its frictional coefficient is about 0.6. Following well-established scaling laws (e.g., Hubbert, 1937;Schellart, 2000), these parameters imply that 1 cm in the experiment represents about 1 km in nature. The deformation device is composed of two plates (Fig.…”

Section: Pre-existing Mechanical Discontinuities and Fault Evolution:mentioning

confidence: 85%

On the complexity of surface ruptures during normal faulting earthquakes: excerpts from the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) earthquake (Mw 6.3)

et al. 2014

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Abstract.Over the past few years the assessment of the earthquake potential of large continental faults has increasingly relied on field investigations. State-of-the-art seismic hazard models are progressively complementing the information derived from earthquake catalogs with geological observations of active faulting. Using these observations, however, requires full understanding of the relationships between seismogenic slip at depth and surface deformation, such that the evidence indicating the presence of a large, potentially seismogenic fault can be singled out effectively and unambiguously.We used observations and models of the 6 April 2009, M w 6.3, L'Aquila, normal faulting earthquake to explore the relationships between the activity of a large fault at seismogenic depth and its surface evidence. This very well-documented earthquake is representative of mid-size yet damaging earthquakes that are frequent around the Mediterranean basin, and was chosen as a paradigm of the nature of the associated geological evidence, along with observational difficulties and ambiguities.Thanks to the available high-resolution geologic, geodetic and seismological data aided by analog modeling, we reconstructed the full geometry of the seismogenic source in relation to surface and sub-surface faults. We maintain that the earthquake was caused by seismogenic slip in the range 3-10 km depth, and that the slip distribution was strongly controlled by inherited discontinuities. We also contend that faulting was expressed at the surface by pseudo-primary breaks resulting from coseismic crustal bending and by sympathetic slip on secondary faults.Based on our results we propose a scheme of normal fault hierarchization through which all surface occurrences related to faulting at various depths can be interpreted in the framework of a single, mechanically coherent model. We stress that appreciating such complexity is crucial to avoiding severe over-or under-estimation of the local seismogenic potential.

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Section: Pre-existing Mechanical Discontinuities and Fault Evolution:mentioning

confidence: 85%

On the complexity of surface ruptures during normal faulting earthquakes: excerpts from the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) earthquake (Mw 6.3)

et al. 2014

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“…Roche et al 2000), simulating caldera subsidence and shear localization in a granular material that approaches a MohrCoulomb friction law (Schellart 2000). Our new results comprise application of a digital image correlation (DIC) technique that allows strain studies with spatial and dynamic resolutions in sub-millimeter and microstrain range, respectively (Adam et al 2005).…”

Section: Experimental Setup and Scalingmentioning

confidence: 97%

Propagation, linkage, and interaction of caldera ring-faults: comparison between analogue experiments and caldera collapse at Miyakejima, Japan, in 2000

Burchardt

Walter

2009

Bull Volcanol

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The formation of ring faults yields important implications for understanding the structural and dynamic evolution of collapse calderas and potentially associated ash-flow eruptions. Caldera collapse occurred in 2000 at Miyakejima Island (Japan) in response to a lateral intrusion. Based on geophysical data it is inferred that a set of caldera ring faults was propagating upward. To understand the kinematics of ring-fault propagation, linkage, and interaction, we describe new laboratory sand-box experiments that were analyzed through Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and post-processed using 2D strain analysis. The results help us gain a better understanding of the processes occurring during caldera subsidence at Miyakejima. We show that magma chamber evacuation induces strain localization at the lateral chamber margin in the form of a set of reverse faults that sequentially develops and propagates upwards. Then a set of normal faults initiates from tension fractures at the surface, propagating downwards to link with the reverse faults at depth. With increasing amounts of subsidence, interaction between the reverse-and normalfault segments results in a deactivation of the reverse faults, while displacement becomes focused on the outer normal faults. Modeling results show that the area of faulting and collapse migrates successively outward, as peak displacement transfers from the inner ring faults to later developed outer ring faults. The final structural architecture of the faults bounding the subsiding piston-like block is hence a consequence of the amount of subsidence, in agreement with other caldera structures observed in nature. The experimental simulations provide an analogy to the observations and seismic records of caldera collapse at Miyakejima volcano, but are also applicable to caldera collapse in general.

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“…convex (e.g. Schellart, 2000), we introduce an alternative 257 tential non-linear relationships. This method relies on calculating all possible two 259 point slopes and intercepts for mutually combined pairs of a data set (90 data 260 points) These data are then evaluated through univariate statistics by means of cal-261 culating mean and standard deviation and comparing the probability density function 262 to that of a normal distribution (Fig.…”

Section: (C) 255mentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties of granular analogue model materials: A community wide survey

et al. 2016

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12 13We report the material properties of 26 granular analogue materials used in 14 ana-14 logue modelling laboratories. We determined physical characteristics such as bulk 15 density, grain size distribution, and grain shape, and performed ring shear tests to 16 determine friction angles and cohesion, and uniaxial compression tests to evaluate 17 the compaction behaviour. Mean grain size of the materials varied between c. 100 18 and 400 µm. Analysis of grain shape factors show that the four different classes of 19 granular materials (14 quartz sands, 5 dyed quartz sands, 4 heavy mineral sands 20 and 3 size fractions of glass beads) can be broadly divided into two groups consist-21 ing of 12 angular and 14 rounded materials. Grain shape has an influence on friction 22 angles, with most angular materials having higher internal friction angles (between 23 c. 35° and 40°) than rounded materials, whereas well-rounded glass beads have the 24 lowest internal friction angles (between c. 25° and 30°). We interpret this as an ef-25 2 fect of intergranular sliding versus rolling. Most angular materials have also higher 26 basal friction angles (tested for a specific foil) than more rounded materials, sug-27 gesting that angular grains scratch and wear the foil., Most materials have an inter-28 nal cohesion in the order of 20-100 Pa except for well-rounded glass beads, which 29show a trend towards a quasi-cohesionless (C <20 Pa) Coulomb-type material. The 30 uniaxial confined compression tests reveal that rounded grains generally show less 31 compaction than angular grains. We interpret this to be related to the initial packing 32 density after sifting, which is higher for rounded grains than for angular grains. Ring-33 shear test data show that angular grains undergo a longer strain-hardening phase 34 than more rounded materials. This might explain why analogue models consisting of 35 angular grains accommodate deformation in a more distributed manner prior to 36 strain localisation than models consisting of rounded grains.

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Shear test results for cohesion and friction coefficients for different granular materials: scaling implications for their usage in analogue modelling

Cited by 368 publications

References 31 publications

On the complexity of surface ruptures during normal faulting earthquakes: excerpts from the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) earthquake (<i>M</i><sub>w</sub> 6.3)

On the complexity of surface ruptures during normal faulting earthquakes: excerpts from the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) earthquake (<i>M</i><sub>w</sub> 6.3)

Propagation, linkage, and interaction of caldera ring-faults: comparison between analogue experiments and caldera collapse at Miyakejima, Japan, in 2000

Properties of granular analogue model materials: A community wide survey

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Shear test results for cohesion and friction coefficients for different granular materials: scaling implications for their usage in analogue modelling

Cited by 368 publications

References 31 publications

On the complexity of surface ruptures during normal faulting earthquakes: excerpts from the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) earthquake (&lt;i&gt;M&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt; 6.3)

On the complexity of surface ruptures during normal faulting earthquakes: excerpts from the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) earthquake (&lt;i&gt;M&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt; 6.3)

Propagation, linkage, and interaction of caldera ring-faults: comparison between analogue experiments and caldera collapse at Miyakejima, Japan, in 2000

Properties of granular analogue model materials: A community wide survey

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On the complexity of surface ruptures during normal faulting earthquakes: excerpts from the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) earthquake (<i>M</i><sub>w</sub> 6.3)

On the complexity of surface ruptures during normal faulting earthquakes: excerpts from the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) earthquake (<i>M</i><sub>w</sub> 6.3)