Shear localisation and strain distribution during tectonic faulting—new insights from granular-flow experiments and high-resolution optical image correlation techniques

Adam, Jürgen; Urai, János L.; Wieneke, Bernhard; Oncken, Onno; Pfeiffer, K.; Kukowski, Nina; Lohrmann, J.; Hoth, S.; Zee, Wouter van der; Schmatz, Joyce

doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2004.08.008

Cited by 317 publications

(284 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Adam et al, 2005), it became possible to measure small-scale deformation increments (i.e. scaling from decimetres to metres in nature) corresponding to single earthquake displacements.…”

Section: Seismotectonic Scale Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analogue earthquakes and seismic cycles: experimental modelling across timescales

2017

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Abstract. Earth deformation is a multi-scale process ranging from seconds (seismic deformation) to millions of years (tectonic deformation). Bridging short-and long-term deformation and developing seismotectonic models has been a challenge in experimental tectonics for more than a century. Since the formulation of Reid's elastic rebound theory 100 years ago, laboratory mechanical models combining frictional and elastic elements have been used to study the dynamics of earthquakes. In the last decade, with the advent of high-resolution monitoring techniques and new rock analogue materials, laboratory earthquake experiments have evolved from simple spring-slider models to scaled analogue models. This evolution was accomplished by advances in seismology and geodesy along with relatively frequent occurrences of large earthquakes in the past decade. This coincidence has significantly increased the quality and quantity of relevant observations in nature and triggered a new understanding of earthquake dynamics. We review here the developments in analogue earthquake modelling with a focus on those seismotectonic scale models that are directly comparable to observational data on short to long timescales. We lay out the basics of analogue modelling, namely scaling, materials and monitoring, as applied in seismotectonic modelling. An overview of applications highlights the contributions of analogue earthquake models in bridging timescales of observations including earthquake statistics, rupture dynamics, ground motion, and seismic-cycle deformation up to seismotectonic evolution.

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“…Adam et al, 2005), it became possible to measure small-scale deformation increments (i.e. scaling from decimetres to metres in nature) corresponding to single earthquake displacements.…”

Section: Seismotectonic Scale Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the framework of experimental deformation monitoring, successive optical images are usually analysed to quantify incremental displacements, from which strain rates can be calculated (e.g. Adam et al, 2005Adam et al, , 2013. A variety of digital image correlation algorithms exists.…”

Section: Image Correlation Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analogue earthquakes and seismic cycles: experimental modelling across timescales

2017

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“…Roche et al 2000), simulating caldera subsidence and shear localization in a granular material that approaches a MohrCoulomb friction law (Schellart 2000). Our new results comprise application of a digital image correlation (DIC) technique that allows strain studies with spatial and dynamic resolutions in sub-millimeter and microstrain range, respectively (Adam et al 2005). A monochrome CCD (charge-coupled device) digital camera was used to acquire images at high resolution (12 megapixels).…”

Section: Experimental Setup and Scalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Propagation, linkage, and interaction of caldera ring-faults: comparison between analogue experiments and caldera collapse at Miyakejima, Japan, in 2000

Burchardt

Walter

2009

Bull Volcanol

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The formation of ring faults yields important implications for understanding the structural and dynamic evolution of collapse calderas and potentially associated ash-flow eruptions. Caldera collapse occurred in 2000 at Miyakejima Island (Japan) in response to a lateral intrusion. Based on geophysical data it is inferred that a set of caldera ring faults was propagating upward. To understand the kinematics of ring-fault propagation, linkage, and interaction, we describe new laboratory sand-box experiments that were analyzed through Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and post-processed using 2D strain analysis. The results help us gain a better understanding of the processes occurring during caldera subsidence at Miyakejima. We show that magma chamber evacuation induces strain localization at the lateral chamber margin in the form of a set of reverse faults that sequentially develops and propagates upwards. Then a set of normal faults initiates from tension fractures at the surface, propagating downwards to link with the reverse faults at depth. With increasing amounts of subsidence, interaction between the reverse-and normalfault segments results in a deactivation of the reverse faults, while displacement becomes focused on the outer normal faults. Modeling results show that the area of faulting and collapse migrates successively outward, as peak displacement transfers from the inner ring faults to later developed outer ring faults. The final structural architecture of the faults bounding the subsiding piston-like block is hence a consequence of the amount of subsidence, in agreement with other caldera structures observed in nature. The experimental simulations provide an analogy to the observations and seismic records of caldera collapse at Miyakejima volcano, but are also applicable to caldera collapse in general.

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“…1). In turns, this allows using the Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) technique to precisely monitor, from above, the model deformation in time and space (Hampel, 2004;Adam et al, 2005;Hoth et al, 2006Hoth et al, , 2007Hoth et al, , 2008.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3-D thermo-mechanical laboratory modeling of plate-tectonics: modeling scheme, technique and first experiments

Boutelier

Oncken

2011

Solid Earth

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Abstract. We present an experimental apparatus for 3-D thermo-mechanical analogue modeling of plate tectonic processes such as oceanic and continental subductions, arccontinent or continental collisions. The model lithosphere, made of temperature-sensitive elasto-plastic analogue materials with strain softening, is submitted to a constant temperature gradient causing a strength reduction with depth in each layer. The surface temperature is imposed using infrared emitters, which allows maintaining an unobstructed view of the model surface and the use of a high resolution optical strain monitoring technique (Particle Imaging Velocimetry). Subduction experiments illustrate how the stress conditions on the interplate zone can be estimated using a force sensor attached to the back of the upper plate and adjusted via the density and strength of the subducting lithosphere or the lubrication of the plate boundary. The first experimental results reveal the potential of the experimental set-up to investigate the three-dimensional solid-mechanics interactions of lithospheric plates in multiple natural situations.

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Shear localisation and strain distribution during tectonic faulting—new insights from granular-flow experiments and high-resolution optical image correlation techniques

Cited by 317 publications

References 22 publications

Analogue earthquakes and seismic cycles: experimental modelling across timescales

Analogue earthquakes and seismic cycles: experimental modelling across timescales

Propagation, linkage, and interaction of caldera ring-faults: comparison between analogue experiments and caldera collapse at Miyakejima, Japan, in 2000

3-D thermo-mechanical laboratory modeling of plate-tectonics: modeling scheme, technique and first experiments

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