Shear bond and compressive strength of clay stabilised with lime/cement jet grouting and deep mixing: A case of Norvik, Nynäshamn

Abstract

The strength of soil can significantly increase by stabilisation with binders. Adding binders in correct proportions to improve soil parameters is of paramount importance for earthworks. In this article, we presented a framework to explore strength characteristics of soil stabilised by several binders and evaluated using applied geophysical methods by estimated P-wave velocities. The core of our work is a systematic assessment of the effects on clay stabilisation from various binders on shear and compressive strength. The binders were combined from four stabilising agents: (i) CEM II/A, a Portland limestone cement; (ii) burnt lime; (iii) lime kiln dust (LKD) limited up to 50%; and (iv) cement kiln dust (CKD). Shear strength has shown a nonlinear dependence as an exponential curve with P-waves. Natural frequency analysis was modelled to simulate resonant frequencies as eigen values. Variations in strength proved that CEM II/A-M (Recipe A, 100% CEM II) has the best performance for weak soil stabilisation followed by the combinations: Recipe B (70% CEM II/A-M, 30% LKD), Recipe C with added 80% CEM II/A-M and 20% CKD, and Recipe D (70% CEM II/A-M 30% CKD). Recipe B has shown high values with maximum uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) at 13.8 MPa. The Recipe C was less effective with the highest value of UCS as 8.8 MPa. The least strength was shown in Recipe D, where UCS has maximal values of 3.7 MPa. The specimens stabilised by Recipe B demonstrated the highest P-wave velocity at 2,350 m/s, while Recipe C and Recipe D showed the highest P-wave velocity at 1,900 and 1,550 m/s. All specimens shown a gain of UCS with sharply increased P-wave speed during the 3 days of curing. The study contributes to the development of methods of soil testing in civil engineering.

Geotechnical Properties of Soil Stabilized with Blended Binders for Sustainable Road Base Applications

“…Aimed at the developing of the unified framework of clayey soil stabilization by blended binders, our study continues the research on improvement its geotechnical properties which has been observed in multiple previous publications [53][54][55][56][57][58][59]. These and other works result from the need of the improved soil properties with the addition of binders in transport infrastructure, which can be achieved by the treatment of soils with stabilising agents.…”

Investigating Strength Development Over Time of Industrial By-Products Using the Resonance Column Free-Free Technique

“…A simpler and more effective non-destructive alternative is the resonance column free-free (RC-ff) technique, which can be used to assess V p at various curing times on one specimen, and hence the strength development over time can be investigated. The applicability of this technique for soil improvement have been seen in several studies [23][24][25][26][27], however, none of these have studied the strength development over time and how this varies depending on soil and binder type, e.g., the effectiveness of different industrial by-products. One exception is the work by Lindh [28][29][30]; however, the strength difference over time for varying by-products was not studied.…”

Behaviour of Moraine Soils Stabilised with OPC, GGBFS and Hydrated Lime

“…Thus, evaluating soil contamination upon stabilisation with binders is reported earlier [26][27]. Soil strength is also evaluated in the context of environmental assessment of frozen soil behaviour [28][29][30][31].…”