Shark Skin: Function in Locomotion

Wainwright, Susan; Vosburgh, F.; Hebrank, John H.

doi:10.1126/science.202.4369.747

Cited by 234 publications

(179 citation statements)

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“…We find that worms exhibit a rich mechanical response comprising an initial linear regime followed by nonlinear strain stiffening. This behavior is qualitatively similar to the results of many well-known experiments in biomechanics (12)-ranging from the mechanical response of a shark's skin (25) to the properties of cardiac muscle (27) and purified actomyosin networks (28). However, it is unusual to find such behavior at the whole-organism level, due to structural heterogeneities.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…7). Another possible contributing factor is that the helical filaments are strongly mechanically coordinated with other structures and interfiber matrices within the worman effect that has been observed in the collagen fibers of other nematodes as well as in more complex organisms (24,25). The abruptness of the strain asymptote e 0 in Fig.…”

Section: Origin Of Nonlinear Responsementioning

confidence: 92%

“…Internal pressure is thought to induce prestrain in taut, helical collagen fiber bundles, causing a decrease in strain energy under bending that induces the curved appearance of many adult nematodes (23,24). Experiments on these collagen fibers in larger organisms such as fish and sharks suggest that they become stiffer under extension, and may couple to interfiber matrices throughout the organism's body in order to increase the range of body shapes that are elastically stable (24,25).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Worms under Pressure: Bulk Mechanical Properties of C. elegans Are Independent of the Cuticle

Gilpin

Uppaluri

Brangwynne

2015

Biophysical Journal

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The mechanical properties of cells and tissues play a well-known role in physiology and disease. The model organism Caenorhabditis elegans exhibits mechanical properties that are still poorly understood, but are thought to be dominated by its collagen-rich outer cuticle. To our knowledge, we use a novel microfluidic technique to reveal that the worm responds linearly to low applied hydrostatic stress, exhibiting a volumetric compression with a bulk modulus, k ¼ 140 5 20 kPa; applying negative pressures leads to volumetric expansion of the worm, with a similar bulk modulus. Surprisingly, however, we find that a variety of collagen mutants and pharmacological perturbations targeting the cuticle do not impact the bulk modulus. Moreover, the worm exhibits dramatic stiffening at higher stresses-behavior that is also independent of the cuticle. The stress-strain curves for all conditions can be scaled onto a master equation, suggesting that C. elegans exhibits a universal elastic response dominated by the mechanics of pressurized internal organs.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Origin Of Nonlinear Responsementioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Worms under Pressure: Bulk Mechanical Properties of C. elegans Are Independent of the Cuticle

Gilpin

Uppaluri

Brangwynne

2015

Biophysical Journal

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“…10C) appears to be another unique feature of B. trispinosus compared with O. beta, O. tau and P. notatus. While the exact role of this membrane is unclear, it may serve to increase intramuscular pressure during vocal motor activity, which may in turn increase tensile forces along the swimbladder wall (sensu Wainwright et al, 1978;Westneat et al, 1998), resulting in higher resonant frequencies.…”

Section: Swimbladder Development and Functional Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel vocal repertoire and paired swimbladders of the three-spined toadfish,Batrachomoeus trispinosus: insights into the diversity of the Batrachoididae

Rice

Bass

2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYToadfishes (Teleostei: Batrachoididae) are one of the best-studied groups for understanding vocal communication in fishes. However, sounds have only been recorded from a low proportion of taxa within the family. Here, we used quantitative bioacoustic, morphological and phylogenetic methods to characterize vocal behavior and mechanisms in the three-spined toadfish, Batrachomoeus trispinosus. B. trispinosus produced two types of sound: long-duration 'hoots' and short-duration 'grunts' that were multiharmonic, amplitude and frequency modulated, with a dominant frequency below 1 kHz. Grunts and hoots formed four major classes of calls. Hoots were typically produced in succession as trains, while grunts occurred either singly or as grunt trains. Aside from hoot trains, grunts and grunt trains, a fourth class of calls consisted of single grunts with acoustic beats, apparently not previously reported for individuals from any teleost taxon. Beats typically had a predominant frequency around 2 kHz with a beat frequency around 300 Hz. Vocalizations also exhibited diel and lunar periodicities. Spectrographic crosscorrelation and principal coordinates analysis of hoots from five other toadfish species revealed that B. trispinosus hoots were distinct. Unlike any other reported fish, B. trispinosus had a bilaterally divided swimbladder, forming two separate swimbladders. Phylogenetic analysis suggested B. trispinosus was a relatively basal batrachoidid, and the swimbladder and acoustic beats were independently derived. The swimbladder in B. trispinosus demonstrates that toadfishes have undergone a diversification of peripheral sonic mechanisms, which may be responsible for the concomitant innovations in vocal communication, namely the individual production of acoustic beats as reported in some tetrapods. Supplementary material available online at

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“…Such changes are supposed to influence the biomechanical distribution of biting forces, characterizing the different figures recorded for small and large species (Herrel et al, 2004). Mechanical properties of the integument vary in different regions and can be modulated by the internal pressure exerted by the underlying structures (e.g., Wainwright et al, 1978;Hebrank, 1980;Gemballa and Bartsch, 2002;Rivera et al, 2005). To our knowledge, there is no data on the mechanical properties of frontoparietal scales in lizards, but larger fronto-parietal scales could serve as protective shell for the underlying fronto-parietal suture.…”

Section: Biomechanics Of Fronto-parietal Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship Between Cephalic Scales and Bones in Lizards: A Preliminary Microtomographic Survey on Three Lacertid Species

Alonso

Moazen

Bruner

2010

The Anatomical Record

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In the last two decades, there has been a great deal of interest in the morphology and anatomy of the lizard skull in an ecological and evolutionary perspective. However, the relationship between variations in many key anatomical features remains largely unknown. Using microtomography and geometric morphometrics, we examined the relationship between bones and scales associated with the parietal foramen in the three lizards species most common in the Italian peninsula: Podarcis muralis, P. sicula, and Lacerta bilineata. The imprints of the scales are clearly recognizable on the outer bone surface, and this may suggest a structural interaction between these elements. The temporal osteoderms are visible in the larger males and in the larger females of L. bilineata, but they are absent in the smaller specimens of L. bilineata and in all Podarcis specimens. Two parallel rows of pterygoid teeth are present in all the specimens of L. bilineata and are absent in the smaller male of L. bilineata and in both Podarcis species. Cheek osteoderms occurred only in the largest specimens of our sample (i.e., large L. bilineata), being possibly related to hyperostotic processes and densitometric thresholds more than to phylogeny. Minor differences may be also associated with the form of the parietal foramen. In absolute terms the parietal foramen tends to be largest in L. bilineata but in relation to skull length the foramen tends to be larger in P. muralis. In this latter species the foramen is also more elongated. In all three species the fronto-parietal suture occupies a similar location relatively to the scale spatial organization. A shared allometric pattern shows that the main vault enlargement can be localised at the areas anterior to the fronto-parietal suture, providing further information on the possible morphogenetic dynamics associated with the interaction between scales and bones around this structure. Anat Rec,

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Shark Skin: Function in Locomotion

Cited by 234 publications

References 3 publications

Worms under Pressure: Bulk Mechanical Properties of C. elegans Are Independent of the Cuticle

Worms under Pressure: Bulk Mechanical Properties of C. elegans Are Independent of the Cuticle

Novel vocal repertoire and paired swimbladders of the three-spined toadfish,Batrachomoeus trispinosus: insights into the diversity of the Batrachoididae

The Relationship Between Cephalic Scales and Bones in Lizards: A Preliminary Microtomographic Survey on Three Lacertid Species

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