Sharing the road with autonomous vehicles: A qualitative analysis of the perceptions of pedestrians and bicyclists

Rahman, Md Tawhidur; Dey, Kakan; Das, Subasish; Sherfinski, Melissa

doi:10.1016/j.trf.2021.03.008

Cited by 59 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…While this is good news for relatively slow-moving micro mobiles, such as the tested autonomous cargo bike, it nevertheless indicates that the present results cannot necessarily be applied to higher speeds of other vehicles. Further, the present results regarding speed and distance fit well with recent findings, which suggest that from the perspective of pedestrians, automated vehicles pose a lower perceived risk than human-driven vehicles [20], [71]. The present study does not include a comparison between human-and machine-driven vehicles, which may limit the comparability to some extent.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

On Optimizing Driving Patterns of Autonomous Cargo Bikes as a Function of Distance and Speed—A Psychological Study

Neef

Kastner

Schmidt

et al. 2022

IEEE Open J. Intell. Transp. Syst.

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It is predicted that the number of autonomous vehicles will increase in the forthcoming years. In this context, this research deals with autonomous micro-mobiles, specifically autonomous cargo bikes. In the development of (partially) autonomous vehicles, it is important to consider the safety perspective of vulnerable road users, such as pedestrians, already during development to enhance acceptance and widespread use. We investigated the safety parameters of speed and distance. For this purpose, videos with varying distance and speed parameters were filmed from a third-person perspective. These were then distributed via online questionnaires and evaluated by subjects regarding the subjective perceived safety. The results show that perceived safety increases with increasing passing and yielding distance and decreasing passing speed. Even at very short distances and relatively high speeds, the behavior of the cargo bike was still considered safe. These results can serve as reference values in the development of autonomous micro-mobiles. Further, the high safety perception should encourage planners and decision-makers to give these technologies a chance and boldly tackle the mobility revolution and test possible substitutes for motorized individual transport.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

On Optimizing Driving Patterns of Autonomous Cargo Bikes as a Function of Distance and Speed—A Psychological Study

Neef

Kastner

Schmidt

et al. 2022

IEEE Open J. Intell. Transp. Syst.

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“…Results show that pedestrians and bicyclists generally are positive to automated shuttles. The latter finding is in line with research by Rahman et al (2021).…”

Section: Related Publicationssupporting

confidence: 93%

Interact or counteract? Behavioural observation of interactions between vulnerable road users and autonomous shuttles in Oslo, Norway

Ceunynck¹,

Pelssers²,

Bjørnskau

et al. 2022

TSR

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The current paper presents the results of behavioural observations in a field experiment with automated shuttles in Oslo, Norway. Video observations were conducted at five fixed locations along a challenging 1.2 km automated shuttle line with varying traffic conditions. Observed interactions between vulnerable road users and automated shuttles were coded using a predefined codebook, which allowed a structured quantitative analysis. The paper identified several potentially risky types of situations in which the automated shuttles did not always behave according to the traffic rules. Generally, the automated shuttles failed to give way to pedestrians at pedestrian crossings in 26%–50% of the interactions. Right-turning shuttles failed to yield to cyclists going straight in 38% of the interactions at observation Site 1 (the only location where the automated shuttle takes a right turn). In majority of same direction interactions between cyclists and automated shuttles, the interactions resulted in the cyclist overtaking the automated shuttle, usually on the left-hand side. Generally, the paper found little evidence of road users trying to bully or otherwise take advantage of the defensive driving style of the automated shuttles and identified only a limited number of interactions in which a vulnerable road user behaved ignorant or aggressive towards the automated shuttles. In addition, the paper found very little indication of temporal effects that suggest changes in the interaction patterns over time.

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“…Like traditional delivery robots, AVs must drive in a safe and predictable manner, but beyond excellent safety protocols and autonomous capabilities, AVs also require critical social awareness; social interactions underlie all pedestrian-vehicle interactions ( Rasouli and Tsotsos, 2020 ) and even AV-AV interactions are considered social coordination events ( Schwarting et al, 2019 ). Similar to evaluating robotic wheelchair applications, the evaluation of AV technology must consider a range of stakeholders, including pedestrians (e.g., Randhavane et al, 2019 ; Camara et al, 2021 ), bicyclists (e.g., Rahman et al, 2021 ), and other drivers (e.g., Schwarting et al, 2019 ). However, AV evaluation poses additional challenges (e.g., legal regulation for high-stake, life-critical applications) and has different considerations and norms (e.g., following traffic rules).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Socially-Aware Robot Navigation

Gao

Huang

2022

Front. Robot. AI

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As mobile robots are increasingly introduced into our daily lives, it grows ever more imperative that these robots navigate with and among people in a safe and socially acceptable manner, particularly in shared spaces. While research on enabling socially-aware robot navigation has expanded over the years, there are no agreed-upon evaluation protocols or benchmarks to allow for the systematic development and evaluation of socially-aware navigation. As an effort to aid more productive development and progress comparisons, in this paper we review the evaluation methods, scenarios, datasets, and metrics commonly used in previous socially-aware navigation research, discuss the limitations of existing evaluation protocols, and highlight research opportunities for advancing socially-aware robot navigation.

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Sharing the road with autonomous vehicles: A qualitative analysis of the perceptions of pedestrians and bicyclists

Cited by 59 publications

References 16 publications

On Optimizing Driving Patterns of Autonomous Cargo Bikes as a Function of Distance and Speed—A Psychological Study

On Optimizing Driving Patterns of Autonomous Cargo Bikes as a Function of Distance and Speed—A Psychological Study

Interact or counteract? Behavioural observation of interactions between vulnerable road users and autonomous shuttles in Oslo, Norway

Evaluation of Socially-Aware Robot Navigation

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