Shared Norms and the Evolution of Ethnic Markers

Abstract

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Friendship, cliquishness, and the emergence of cooperation

“…Our approach is different from these because it relies on the processes and resulting psychology of focusing effort on long-term enduring cooperative relations with specific partners, rather than determining whether to cooperate with a randomly chosen individual with whom one may (1) have several repeated interactions or (2) share a common attribute. We argue that this specification of partner choice is resistant to the roving defectors that might exploit spatially configured populations (Dugatkin and Wilson, 1991;Enquist and Leimar, 1993;Watanabe and Yamagishi, 1999) and the mimics that can exploit tribal or dialectical matching (McElreath et al, 2003;Nettle and Dunbar, 1997) because it is more difficult to mimic a specific person than to rove widely or to imitate a dialect or tribal identity.…”

A phylogenetic approach to cultural evolution

“…Survivors, especially reproductive-age women, might integrate themselves into the victorious cultures, thus cultural extinction does not necessarily imply genetic extinction; but such migrants would have to learn the ways of their new community if they are to survive and reproduce among them. Several authors have argued that such population dynamics can lead to group-level selection occurring in human cultural evolution [6,[13][14][15] and could explain a range of uniquely human behaviours, from high-level cooperation with unrelated individuals [8,14,16] to ethnic markers and psychology [17]. Such processes could maintain the identity of discrete cultural groups even when genetic distinctions are more blurred or even absent.…”

Is horizontal transmission really a problem for phylogenetic comparative methods? A simulation study using continuous cultural traits

“…dress, language, rituals etc. ; Barth 1969;McElreath et al 2003). For clarity and consistency of expression, in this paper we will refer to these groups as cultures, while recognizing that in practice the identification of such units (as is the case with the identification of biological species) is by no means straightforward.…”