Shaping the global oil peak: A review of the evidence on field sizes, reserve growth, decline rates and depletion rates

Sorrell, Steve; Speirs, Jamie; Bentley, Roger; Miller, Richard G.; Thompson, Erica

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.10.010

Cited by 97 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…There is a complete size spectrum of accumulations ranging up to the giant and supergiant fields, which are usually defined as holding more than 500 million and 5000 million barrels of recoverable oil, respectively. The size distribution of commercial fields is fairly well known [4], but the distribution of smaller fields is not, in part because these are neither deliberately sought nor always announced when encountered.…”

Section: Box 1 Categories Of Hydrocarbon Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, although there are up to 70 000 producing oil fields in the world, around 500 giant and supergiant fields account for two-thirds of all the oil that has ever been discovered [4]. As discussed later, this basic physical characteristic of oil resources is of critical importance for future supply.…”

Section: Box 1 Categories Of Hydrocarbon Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of these giant fields are relatively old, many are well past their peak of production [9], most of the rest seem likely to enter decline within the next decade or so and few new giant fields are expected to be found [4]. Future global production is therefore heavily dependent on the future prospects of the giant fields, but this remains uncertain-in part because the required field-level data are either unavailable or unreliable [4]. 6 …”

Section: (A) Oil Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Forties produced 29% of its cumulative production to date before peak, Ninian 30% and Brent 40%. From a sample of 77 post-peak UK fields, we estimate an average decline rate of approximately 12.5% per year, and an average of 40% of cumulative production before peak-a number that will fall with time because the fields are still producing [4]. To maintain or increase regional production, the declining production from post-peak fields needs to be replaced by increased production from new fields.…”

Section: (A) Well and Field Peakingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…-Extra-heavy oil is crude oil with an API gravity of less than 10 • and typical viscosity more than or equal to 10 000 centipoise. 4 Most current production is from the Orinoco belt in Venezuela. -Oil sands (or tar sands) are a near-surface mixture of sand, water, clay and bitumen, where the latter has an API gravity less than 10 • and typical viscosity 10 000-1 000 000 centipoise.…”

Section: Box 1 Categories Of Hydrocarbon Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

The future of oil supply

Miller

Sorrell

2014

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

113

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Abundant supplies of oil form the foundation of modern industrial economies, but the capacity to maintain and grow global supply is attracting increasing concern. Some commentators forecast a peak in the near future and a subsequent terminal decline in global oil production, while others highlight the recent growth in ‘tight oil’ production and the scope for developing unconventional resources. There are disagreements over the size, cost and recoverability of different resources, the technical and economic potential of different technologies, the contribution of different factors to market trends and the economic implications of reduced supply. Few debates are more important, more contentious, more wide-ranging or more confused. This paper summarizes the main concepts, terms, issues and evidence that are necessary to understand the ‘peak oil’ debate. These include: the origin, nature and classification of oil resources; the trends in oil production and discoveries; the typical production profiles of oil fields, basins and producing regions; the mechanisms underlying those profiles; the extent of depletion of conventional oil; the risk of an approaching peak in global production; and the potential of various mitigation options. The aim is to introduce the subject to non-specialist readers and provide a basis for the subsequent papers in this Theme Issue.

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Section: Box 1 Categories Of Hydrocarbon Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Box 1 Categories Of Hydrocarbon Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: (A) Oil Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: (A) Well and Field Peakingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Box 1 Categories Of Hydrocarbon Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The future of oil supply

Miller

Sorrell

2014

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

113

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Discovering Oil Reserves

2018

Mathematical Geoenergy

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Progress towards lead‐free, efficient, and stable perovskite solar cells

Thornton

Abdelmageed

Kahwagi

et al. 2021

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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Solar energy production requires an environmentally friendly, efficient, and stable light absorber. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as excellent candidate materials for photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion because of their low cost, ease of fabrication, flexibility, and versatility. However, typical high‐efficiency PSCs, like methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3), rely on the use of the chemical lead (Pb), whose toxicity and detrimental impact on human health and the environment raise strong concerns. Therefore, less toxic substitutes that produce the same high performance as MAPbI3 are of interest to enable a wide deployment of PSCs. Hence, much effort has focused on replacing Pb with other elements, such as tin (Sn), bismuth (Bi), antimony (Sb), and germanium (Ge) in perovskite materials, with the dual objectives of maintaining the superior optoelectronic properties of the perovskite and reducing its toxicity. In this review, the structure, optoelectronic properties, as well as recent advances in device performance of Pb‐free PSCs are highlighted. Moreover, the stability challenges of Pb‐free perovskite are detailed, and strategies to overcome them are discussed. Finally, a conclusion and outlook towards Pb‐free perovskite photovoltaics (PV) is provided. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

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Shaping the global oil peak: A review of the evidence on field sizes, reserve growth, decline rates and depletion rates

Cited by 97 publications

References 28 publications

The future of oil supply

The future of oil supply

Discovering Oil Reserves

Progress towards lead‐free, efficient, and stable perovskite solar cells

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