The morphology of organs, and hence their proper physiology, relies to a considerable extent on the extracellular matrix (ECM) secreted by their cells. The ECM is a structure contributed to and commonly shared by many cells in an organism that plays an active role in morphogenesis. Increasing evidence indicates that the ECM not only provides a passive contribution to organ shape but also impinges on cell behaviour and genetic programmes. The ECM is emerging as a direct modulator of many aspects of cell biology, rather than as a mere physical network that supports cells. Here, we review how the apical chitinous ECM is generated in Drosophila trachea and how cells participate in the formation of this supracellular structure. We discuss recent findings on the molecular and cellular events that lead to the formation of this apical ECM (aECM) and how it is influenced and affects tracheal cell biology. Drosophila Cuticle, a Specialised ECM Apical extracellular matrices (aECMs) play crucial roles in organ physiology and morphogenesis and protect the animal against physical and chemical damage, infection, and dehydration. As in all insects, the cuticle of Drosophila is an aECM produced by the epidermis, and the tracheal, hind-, and foregut epithelia. This ECM is shed off and replaced during moulting and metamorphosis to accommodate growth and body and organ shape changes. Composed of chitin, proteins, lipids, and small organic molecules, the insect epidermal cuticle is formed by several plain horizontal layers, namely the outermost envelope, the protein-rich epicuticle, and the innermost chitinous procuticle (Locke, 2001;Moussian, 2010). The envelope consists of lipids and proteins of unknown sequence. The epicuticle harbours proteins that, likewise, are yet unexplored. In contrast, the procuticle has been studied extensively in the last decade. It contains chitin filaments that are arranged in parallel to form flat sheets, the so-called laminae. Laminae are stacked either helicoidally or not, depending the body region. Chitin organisation is considered to depend on chitin-binding proteins that are coded by several genes that differ between species. Recently, it was reported that the putative chitin-binding protein Obstructor-A (ObstA) recruits the chitin deacetlyses Verm, Serp, and Knk to the extracellular region adjacent to the apical plasma membrane for chitin organisation (Pesch et al., 2015).In the Drosophila tracheae, cuticle architecture is quite different. Instead of being plain, the tracheal cuticle runs as a spiral perpendicular to the tube axis. Layering of the spiral ridges, called taenidia, is simpler. Beneath the envelope, there is a very thin epicuticle. The chitinous procuticle does not have any visible ordered texture. In 1958, Michael Locke, based on extensive work on tracheal development in the bug Rhodnius prolixus, proposed that excessive expansion of the tracheal tubes and space restriction in the developing animal may cause a mechanical force that is responsible for tracheal cuticle taenidial foma...