Conspectus
Bioinspired organic/inorganic synthetic composites
have been studied
as high-performance and functional materials. In nature, biominerals
such as pearls, teeth, and bones are self-organized organic/inorganic
composites. The inorganic components are composed of calcium carbonate
(CaCO
3
) and hydroxyapatite (HAp), while the organic components
consist of peptides and polysaccharides. These composites are used
as structural materials in hard biological tissues. Biominerals do
not show significantly higher performances than synthetic composites
such as glass-fiber- or carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics. However,
biominerals consist of environmentally friendly and biocompatible
components that are prepared under mild conditions. Moreover, they
form elaborate nanostructures and self-organized hierarchical structures.
Much can be learned about material design from these biomineral-based
hierarchical and nanostructured composites to assist in the preparation
of functional materials.
Inspired by these biological hard tissues,
we developed nanostructured
thin films and bulk hybrid crystals through the self-organization
of organic polymers and inorganic crystals of CaCO
3
or
HAp. In biomineralization, the combination of insoluble components
and soluble acidic macromolecules controls the crystallization process.
We have shown that poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) or acidic peptides called
polymer additives induce the formation of thin film crystals of CaCO
3
or HAp by cooperation with insoluble organic templates such
as chitin and synthetic polymers bearing the OH group. Moreover, we
recently developed CaCO
3
- and HAp-based nanostructured
particles with rod and disk shapes. These were obtained in aqueous
media using a macromolecular acidic additive, PAA, without using insoluble
polymer templates. At appropriate concentrations, the anisotropic
particles self-assembled and formed colloidal liquid-crystalline (LC)
phases.
LC materials are generally composed of organic molecules.
They
show ordered and mobile states. The addition of stimuli-responsive
properties to organic rod-like LC molecules led to the successful
development of informational displays, which are now widely used.
On the other hand, colloidal liquid crystals are colloidal self-assembled
dispersions of anisotropic organic and inorganic nano- and micro-objects.
For example, polysaccharide whiskers, clay nanosheets, gibbsite plate-shaped
particles, and silica rod-shaped particles exhibit colloidal LC states.
In this Account, we focused on the material design and hierarchical
aspects of biomineral-based colloidal LC polymer/inorganic composites.
We describe the design and preparation, nanostructures, and self-assembled
behavior of these new bioinspired and biocompatible self-organized
materials. The characterization results for these self-assembled nanostructured
colloidal liquid crystals found using high-resolution transm...