“…Isogeometric analysis (IGA) [16,33] combines the variational framework of the finite element method (FEM) [34] with the basis functions used in computer-aided design B David J. Benson dbenson@ucsd.edu 1 Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA 2 Livermore Software Technology Corporation, Livermore, USA (CAD), e.g., nonuniform rational B-splines (NURBSs) [56]. This methodology has been successfully applied to a variety of domains, e.g., structural vibration [17], electromagnetics [15], fluids [1,7], fluid-structure interaction [6,8,32], phase field analysis [13,43], contact [48,72], fracture [18], shape optimization [2,57], topology optimization [19,67], cables and shells [10][11][12]58].…”