“…Shape-memory polymers (SMPs) are representative smart polymers and have been extensively studied in the past few decades owing to their unique capability of recovering their permanent original shapes from a temporarily fixed shape when actuated by various external stimuli, such as heat [ 1 , 2 , 3 ], light [ 4 , 5 ], lasers [ 6 , 7 ], and magnetic fields [ 8 , 9 ]. Immense efforts have been dedicated to exploring this unique shape-memory property and its induced shape-memory motions, such as bending, stretching, lifting, and grasping, in vast applications, including soft robotics, artificial muscles, actuators and biomedical devices [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”