Shape fidelity and structure of 3D printed high consistency nanocellulose

Klar, Ville; Pere, Jaakko; Turpeinen, Tuomas; Kärki, Pyry; Orelma, Hannes; Kuosmanen, Petri

doi:10.1038/s41598-019-40469-x

Cited by 50 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…82 Several studies have also used micro-computed tomography (μCT) to quantify the overall similarity of their final constructs to the designed computer-aided design (CAD). 34,92 The merging of filaments is another printing outcome which has been used previously to describe undesirable levels of deposition. Wüst et al printed a rectangular spiral and measured the minimum distance at which the filaments did not fuse together.…”

Section: Printing Accuracymentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment methodologies for extrusion-based bioink printability

Gillispie¹,

et al. 2020

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Extrusion-based bioprinting is one of the leading manufacturing techniques for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Its primary limitation is the lack of materials, known as bioinks, which are suitable for the bioprinting process. The degree to which a bioink is suitable for bioprinting has been described as its "printability." However, a lack of clarity surrounding the methodologies used to evaluate a bioink's printability, as well as the usage of the term itself, have hindered the field. This article presents a review of measures used to assess the printability of extrusion-based bioinks in an attempt to assist researchers during the bioink development process. Many different aspects of printability exist and many different measurements have been proposed as a consequence. Researchers often do not evaluate a new bioink's printability at all, while others simply do so qualitatively. Several quantitative measures have been presented for the extrudability, shape fidelity, and printing accuracy of bioinks. Different measures have been developed even within these aspects, each testing the bioink in a slightly different way. Additionally, other relevant measures which had little or no examples of quantifiable methods are also to be considered. Looking forward, further work is needed to improve upon current assessment methodologies, to move towards a more comprehensive view of printability, and to standardize these printability measurements between researchers. Better assessment techniques will naturally lead to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms which affect printability and better comparisons between bioinks. This in turn will help improve upon the bioink development process and the bioinks available for use in bioprinting.

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Section: Printing Accuracymentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment methodologies for extrusion-based bioink printability

Gillispie¹,

et al. 2020

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“…80,000 mPa.s at 1 s -1 for 2% CNF suspension), highspeed processing was still limited by the excessive drying demand. In 3D printing applications, Klar et al (2019) described that the typical low consistency of CNF suspensions was detrimental to shape fidelity of 3D printed structures due to high shrinkage upon drying. Thus, a fibrillated cellulose material which possesses low viscosity while maintaining a pseudoplastic nature, used at high consistency (5-15%), could be useful for applications in coatings and 3D printing.…”

Section: Water Retention and Rheologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheological behavior of high consistency enzymatically fibrillated cellulose suspensions

et al. 2021

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High-consistency processing of fibrillated cellulose materials is attractive for commercial applications due to potential for lowered production costs, energy savings and easier logistics. The current work investigated structure–property relationships of fibrillated cellulose suspensions produced at 20% consistency using VTT HefCel (High-consistency enzymatic fibrillation of cellulose) technology. Morphological examination of the fibrillated materials revealed that enzymatic action on the cellulose substrates was not a direct function of enzyme dosage but rather was dependent on the raw material composition. Furthermore, shear viscosity of the HefCel suspensions was found to decrease with increasing enzyme dosage while the water retention increased. The shear viscosity followed power law relationship with the power law index varying in the range 0.11–0.73. The shear-thinning behavior decreased with increasing consistency. Moreover, suspension viscosity ($$\upmu$$ μ ) was found to be highly dependent on the consistency ($$\mathrm{c})$$ c ) as $$\upmu \sim {\mathrm{c}}^{\mathrm{m}}$$ μ ∼ c m , with $$\mathrm{m}$$ m ranging from 2.75 to 4.31 for different samples. Yield stress (τy) of the HefCel suspensions was measured at 7 and 10% consistencies. The performance of the fibrillated cellulose grades in a typical application was demonstrated by casting films, which were characterized for their mechanical properties. Graphic abstract

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“…Apart from the printing conditions and the inherent nature of rice starch, the role of post‐processing is a crucial decider of shape fidelity. Particularly, post‐processing temperature is a key factor that can affect the shape stability of printed rice constructs (Klar et al, 2019). Values of shape fidelity ranging around 100 ± 5% are known to show better dimensional consistency and reduced structural deformation (Vieira et al, 2020).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of post‐processing treatments on the quality of three‐dimensional printed rice starch constructs

Theagarajan

Nimbkar

Moses

et al. 2021

J Food Process Engineering

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This study evaluated the effect of post‐processing techniques such as blanching, steaming, roasting, microwaving, shallow, and deep‐frying on the quality of three‐dimensional (3D) printed rice starch constructs. To explain this, post‐processed samples were subsequently analyzed for physico‐mechanical properties, microscopic structure, cooking loss, and sensory attributes. The impact of post‐processing was significantly evident (p ≤ .05), also explaining significant differences in the sensorial quality of 3D‐printed constructs. Overall, deep‐fried constructs exhibited the best characteristics, with the least cooking loss (0.73 ± 0.02%), increased hardness (1,708.59 ± 0.05 g), and comparatively better shape stability, followed by steaming, shallow‐frying, and roasting. Besides, the principal component analysis revealed that factors such as thread quality, dimensional stability, and overall acceptability justify deep‐frying as the most suitable post‐processing method for rice‐based 3D‐printed constructs. This study provides insights into the choice of post‐processing treatments for 3D‐printed foods, particularly applicable to rice starch‐based products. Practical Applications In the context of three‐dimensional (3D) food printing, printability is not the sole criteria determining the quality of the product. Structural stability and consumer acceptance are significantly influenced by the post‐processing methods. The present work focuses on this aspect and provides insights into the effect of post‐processing methods on stability and sensory acceptance. Post‐processing methods and conditions also relate to the development of “novel food products” using 3D printing technology. The findings of this study provide information on explaining the most suitable post‐processing technique for rice‐based 3D‐printed products.

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Shape fidelity and structure of 3D printed high consistency nanocellulose

Cited by 50 publications

References 41 publications

Assessment methodologies for extrusion-based bioink printability

Assessment methodologies for extrusion-based bioink printability

Rheological behavior of high consistency enzymatically fibrillated cellulose suspensions

Effect of post‐processing treatments on the quality of three‐dimensional printed rice starch constructs

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