Shame as a traumatic memory

Abstract

Background: This study explores the premise that shame episodes can have the properties of traumatic memories, involving intrusions, flashbacks, strong emotional avoidance, hyper arousal, fragmented states of mind, and dissociation. Method: A battery of self-report questionnaires was used to assess shame, shame traumatic memory and depression in 811 participants from general population (481 undergraduate students and 330 subjects from normal population). Results:Results show that early shame experiences do indeed reveal traumatic memory characteristics.Moreover, these experiences are associated with current feelings of internal and external shame in adulthood. We also found that current shame and depression are significantly related. Key to our findings is that those individuals whose shame memories display more traumatic characteristics show more depressive symptoms. A moderator analysis suggested an effect of shame traumatic memory on the relationship between shame and depression. Limitations: The transversal nature of our study design, the use of self-reports questionnaires, the possibility of selective memories in participants' retrospective reports and the use of a general community sample, are some methodological limitations that should be considered in our investigation. Conclusion:Our study presents novel perspectives on the nature of shame and its relation to psychopathology, empirically supporting the proposal that shame memories have traumatic memory characteristics, that not only affect shame in adulthood but also seem to moderate the impact of shame on depression. Therefore, these considerations emphasize the importance of assessing and intervening on shame memories in a therapeutic context. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 IntroductionShame Shame can be a social event (e.g., being judged and shamed in the eyes of others) or a private feeling linked to our own person judgements of our feelings, fantasises abilities and characteristics. Shame can guide our behaviour, influence our feelings about ourselves, shape a sense of our self-identity and feelings about our social acceptability and desirability (Gilbert 1998; Tangney & Dearing, 2002). This rich and powerful human emotion has a crucial influence on several aspects of psychological functioning, such as cognition, behaviour, emotion, sense of self or physiology, operating at the individual, interpersonal, group and cultural levels throughout our life (Gilbert, 1998; Kaufman, 1989; Lewis, 1992; Tangney & Dearing, 2002). Scheff (1988) described shame as the affect of deference and Kaufman (1989) defined it as the affect of inferiority. Several authors have associated shame to the internal experience of the self as undesirable, unattractive, defective, worthless and powerless (Gilbert, 1998; Nathanson, 1996; Lewis, 1992; Tangney & Fischer, 1995)...

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