Shallow temperature surveying in the Wairakei-Taupo area

Thompson, G. E.

doi:10.1080/00288306.1960.10420143

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Logs from drillholes in the Wairakei Geothermal Field (Thompson 1951;Grindley 1965;Steiner 1977) reveal a consistent sequence within the "Wairakei Breccia" including two separate horizons of accretionary lapilli ash with coarse lapilli tuffs overlying both, except on the eastern side near Waikato River where the formation has been in places completely eroded (Steiner 1977). In the adjoining Tauhara field, Wairakei Breccia was identified in several drillholes though its content and upper and lower limits could not be adequately defined because of lack of coring in the top 60 m. A stratigraphic hole at a site selected by one of us (J.H.)…”

Section: Results From Stratigraphic Drillhole At Taupomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar deposits at Wairakel he included in the "Patetere ignimbrite and breccia" of Pliocene age. Thompson (1951) informally named the Wairakei deposit as Wairakei breccia, in which he identified eight units in the geothermal exploration drillholes. Steiner (1953) Generalised distribution of primary ashfall deposits of Wairakei Formation including sites of tentative identifications in deep-sea cores (see Self 1983).…”

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wairakei Formation, New Zealand: Stratigraphy and correlation

Self¹,

Healy²

1987

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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We propose that various rhyolitic pumice deposits in the Taupo Volcanic Zone and beyond, that were previously called Wairakei Breccia, Waitahanui Breccia (in part), Oruanui (Pumice) Formation, and Kawakawa Tephra Formation, are the products of one large eruption at 20 000 years B.P. On grounds of precedence we name these voluminous deposits Wairakei Formation and suggest that other names be made redundant. Correlations across New Zealand and into the Southwest Pacific basin are presented, together with data from a stratigraphic drillhole near Taupo. The large volume of water inferred to have taken part in magma-water explosive interaction came from proto-Lake Taupo. The correlation of these 20 000 year old deposits, previously thought to be different ages, has a bearing on the age of the Huka Falls Formation and the late Quaternary history of the Taupo district and the Waikato River.

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Section: Results From Stratigraphic Drillhole At Taupomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wairakei Formation, New Zealand: Stratigraphy and correlation

Self¹,

Healy²

1987

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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“…1961), and the I-m probe was developed (Thompson 1960) so that boundaries could be located and changes monitored as exploitation proceeded. In particular, Robertson & Dawson (1964) concluded that until the difference in temperature between surface and a depth of 1 m reaches 25°c, conduction is the dominant mechanism of heat transfer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluctuations in near-surface ground temperature, Taupo, New Zealand

Thompson

1976

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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Near-surface ground temperatures have been observed to fluctuate rapidly, over 15°c in one day, at a site in Taupo Borough where heat transfer is by convection from the underlying hydrothermal system. There is a good inverse correlation between near-surface ground temperature and atmospheric pressure, suggesting that a decrease in atmospheric pressure promotes vapour emission at the hot ground-water surface, and increases the rate of convective heat transfer, and thus the near-surface ground temperature. Conversely an increase in atmospheric pressure inhibits vapour emission and results in a lowering of near-surface ground temperature.

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“…The use of shallow temperature surveys was pioneered by Dawson (1964), who developed an empirical relationship between shallow (15 cm) ground temperature measurements and heat flow through soils in the Wairakei hydrothermal system in New Zealand. The investigator recommended the use of 1 m depth temperature measurements for relatively low heat flow areas in which heat transfer is dominated by conduction, citing the work of Thompson (1960).…”

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confidence: 99%

Influences on shallow ground temperatures in high flux thermal systems

Lubenow

Fairley

Lindsey

et al. 2016

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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Ground temperature measurements are a useful indication of subsurface processes and heat flux, particularly in volcanic and hydrothermal systems, but obtaining reliable data at sufficient resolution can be difficult. Investigators commonly use temperature measurements at 1 meter depths to minimize land surface boundary impacts; however, these measurements are time-consuming and invasive, limiting the number of points that can be surveyed. Alternatively, shallow ground temperature measurements (≤25 cm depth) offer a rapid and minimally-invasive way to collect a large number of observations in a target area. Although this method has obvious appeal, changing atmospheric conditions can impact the observed temperatures, and thus may reasonably be expected to influence interpretations arising from the data. Here we examine the impact of precipitation and changing air temperature on shallow ground temperatures in the vicinity of a group of hot springs located in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. We find that the mean, the range, and the skewness of the observed temperatures were decreased by changing atmospheric conditions; however, the model variogram representing data taken after several days of moderate precipitation adequately described the spatial correlation of data taken before precipitation. We therefore conclude that the ability to differentiate between high-and low-flux areas may be somewhat reduced by moderate precipitation and changing atmospheric conditions, but that interpretations made on the basis of characteristics of the inferred variograms are likely to be robust to such perturbations in high heat flux environments.

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Shallow temperature surveying in the Wairakei-Taupo area

Cited by 12 publications

References 2 publications

Wairakei Formation, New Zealand: Stratigraphy and correlation

Wairakei Formation, New Zealand: Stratigraphy and correlation

Fluctuations in near-surface ground temperature, Taupo, New Zealand

Influences on shallow ground temperatures in high flux thermal systems

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