“…Previous research syntheses of the mathematics literature identified effective instructional elements that are beneficial to the learning needs of all students, including low–achieving students, those with learning disabilities, and students with emotional or behavioral disorders (Baker, Gersten, & Lee, 2002; Kroesbergen & Van Luit, 2003; Kunsch, Jitendra, & Sood, 2007; Swanson & Sasche–Lee, 2000; Templeton, Neel, & Blood, 2008). Much of this earlier work examined instruction or intervention across several mathematic content areas including basic skills (Baker et al, 2002; Kroesbergen & Van Luit, 2003; Kunsch et al, 2007; Swanson & Sasche–Lee, 2000) and isolated the impact of direct instruction (Baker et al, 2002; Kroesbergen & Van Luit, 2003; Swanson & Sasche–Lee, 2000), strategy instruction (Kroesbergen & Van Luit, 2003; Swanson & Sasche–Lee, 2000; Templeton et al, 2008), and peer–mediated (Kroesbergen & Van Luit, 2003; Kunsch et al, 2007; Templeton et al, 2008) treatment types. Direct and strategy instruction or a combination of the two were found to be highly effective across studies for ameliorating mathematics difficulties and peer–mediated instruction produced moderate effects (Kunsch et al, 2007).…”