Shading mediates the response of mycorrhizal maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings under varying levels of phosphorus

Pb Transfer Preference of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Rhizophagus irregularis in Morus alba under Different Light Intensities

“…It also demonstrated the success of building a hyphae network to link two mulberries using the three-compartment systems. Shading decreased the light intensity (Supplementary Figure S2B) and inhibited the photosynthesis of mulberry (Figure 4A), which reduced the mulberry ground diameter and the biomass of the shoots and roots (Figure 2C,D), consistent with the observations in previous studies [63,64].…”

“…Interestingly, the unshaded mulberry in the shaded treatment (SN-LN) had better growth than the unshaded mulberry in the unshaded treatment (Figure 2A,C; treatment NN-LN), which indicated that R. irregularis might prefer to transfer nutrients to high-light mulberry rather than low-light mulberry. Light is a critical factor that can substantially affect the transfer of photosynthetic products-C compounds-from the shoots to the roots in mycorrhizal plants [63]. Our results demonstrated the importance of plant light status in the nutrient exchange between AM fungi and plants [20] where R. irregularis might prefer to allocate more nutrients to unshaded mulberry with high C payback rather than to shaded mulberry with low C payback.…”

“…After shading, C sources available from mulberry to R. irregularis were inhibited, and the total and arbuscular colonization greatly decreased (Figure 3). Shading reduced the photosynthetic capacity and C allocation to roots, which might inhibit the efficiency of C and nutrient exchange between plants and AM fungi [63,74]. Several studies have also shown that plant investment in mycorrhizal fungi decreased as light decreased [48,49].…”

Mycorrhiza governs plant-plant interactions through preferential allocation of shared nutritional resources: A triple (13C, 15N and 33P) labeling study

“…Plant dependence on mycorrhiza can also be altered by changes in environmental conditions such as light intensity ( Konvalinková and Jansa, 2016 ). Experimental shading has been shown to significantly affect C allocation to mycorrhiza and C-P interactions by altering the plant photosynthetic rates ( Kaschuk et al., 2009 ; Konvalinková et al., 2015 ; Zheng et al., 2015 ; Lang et al., 2021 ). Our results showed that in mycorrhizal P.maximum , 33 P partitioning between shoot and roots significantly increased, and total 33 P significantly decreased by shading in the mono system.…”

“…To date, few ecophysiological studies using up to four individuals of plants or fungi have been conducted to decipher the underlying mechanisms of C-for-P exchange between plants and the mycorrhizal networks and the interactions between coexisting plants ( Nakano-Hylander and Olsson, 2007 ; Bever et al., 2009 ; Lekberg et al., 2010 ; Kiers et al., 2011 ; Walder et al., 2012 ; Merrild et al., 2013 ; Weremijewicz and Janos, 2013 ; Fellbaum et al., 2014 ; Řezáčová et al., 2018b ; Ingraffia et al., 2021 ). One experimental approach to study the influence of mycorrhizal fungi on coexisting plant interactions and resource exchange is to impose experimental shading in order to manipulate the strength of C source sink ( Kaschuk et al., 2009 ; Olsson et al., 2010 ; Konvalinková and Jansa, 2016 ; Lang et al., 2021 ). Shading duration and intensity could significantly regulate the exchange of nutrients for C and thus, the cost-benefit ratio of the symbiosis ( Konvalinková et al., 2015 ; Zheng et al., 2015 ).…”