Shade Tolerance of Grass and Legume Germplasm for Use in the Southern Forest Range

Watson, V. H.; Hagedorn, Charles; Knight, W. E.; Pearson, Henry A.

doi:10.2307/3899143

Cited by 21 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 2 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…Shade created by trees modifies the environment in the alleys and can affect the yield of forage crops (Pearson 1983;Watson et al 1984). Peri et al (2001) found that alfalfa dry matter production decreased by 36% under a stand of 10-11-year-old radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) trees compared to the open.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Yield, maturation, and forage quality of alfalfa in a black walnut alley-cropping practice

et al. 2008

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There is interest in producing alfalfa as an alley crop because alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is the most profitable hay crop in the USA. Field experiments were conducted near Stockton, MO in 2003 and2004. Treatments consisted of alfalfa grown in open plots and in plots that were alley cropped between 20-year-old black walnut trees (Juglans nigra L.) planted in rows 24.4-and 12.2-m apart. Alfalfa was sampled for three harvest cycles each year. In the alley-cropping plots, samples were taken beneath the canopy (2.5 m from the tree row) and in the center of the alleys. Data were taken on drymatter yield, maturity, and forage quality. At all harvest dates over both years, yields from beneath the canopy of both alleys and the narrow alley centers were less than yields from the wide alley centers and open plots. Yield from the wide alley centers was similar to that in open plots in every harvest but the final harvest of 2004. Transects across the plots indicated that yields increased linearly from the tree row to the center of both alleys. Alfalfa tended to mature faster in the open and wide alley centers compared to beneath the canopy of both alleys and the narrow alley centers. Forage quality differences were inconsistent across treatments. Alfalfa yield was significantly reduced and maturity was delayed by the narrow 12.2 m tree spacing, but yield was not reduced in the centers of the wider 24.4 m alleyways.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Yield, maturation, and forage quality of alfalfa in a black walnut alley-cropping practice

et al. 2008

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“…Shade tolerance of subterranean clover and some other temperate legumes is based on the limited extent of yield reductions under shade [5,13]. Increased growth of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research during the past 30 years has evaluated the potential of combining these two objectives. Evaluations of suitable pasture species [6,8,13], spacing of planted pines [6,7], and other aspects of such multiple use or agroforestry have been addressed [4,8]. Limitations of combining grazing and tree production include increased susceptibility of young, fast-growing pines to insect and disease attack when the associated pasture plants are heavily fertilized [4,6], the need for appropriate management of grazing livestock to prevent excessive damage to trees especially at high stocking rates [8], the need for shade tolerant pasture plants even though canopy closure of tree stands gradually decreases forage production even of shade-tolerant plants [8], and low wood quality of the commonly planted slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) has been suggested as the most shade-tolerant grass [6], while several cool-season, annual legumes have demonstra~ted potential value [13] for use in intensively managed systems. Bahiagrass is adapted to low fertility situations, while soil amendments are generally required for survival of the introduced legumes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Response of the Florida legume Galactia elliottii to shade

Muir

Pitman

1989

Agroforest Syst

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The need for shade tolerant forage species for forested grazing lands of the Southeastern United States has been recognized for some time. Introduced grasses and temperate legumes have been evaluated for this use with some success. Sparse stands of native legumes occur throughout these woodlands. The potential value of these native legumes has received little attention. Seedlings of Galactia elliottii Nuttall, a widely occurring native legume in the pine flatwoods (Spodosols), were established in pots and subsequently evaluated for growth response to shade levels of 0, 25, 55, 75, and 92% under vinyl shade cloth. Maximum herbage yield and maximum nitrogen yield after a 60-day growth period were obtained under 25% shade. Responses of herbage yield, percent nitrogen, and nitrogen yield to shade were described by quadratic equations with initial increases followed by decreases as shade increased. A second experiment involving small plots of G. elliottii in dense bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) sod produced negative linear relationships between shade and yield of each forage species. However, G. elliottii yield declined at a slower rate than bahiagrass. These results indicate that G. elliottii is adapted to shaded flatwoods environments and suggest that further efforts to evaluate local woodland legumes for forage potential could provide productive species for reseeding shaded woodland sites in the Southeastern United States.

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“…For example, Malkin and Fork (1981) reported that shade plants had larger chlorophyll reaction centers. Watson et al (1984) found that shade reduced the height of species with an upright growth habit more than it did the sod-forming species. Other factors such as the temporal dynamic in soil moisture or organic matter breakdown were also found to promote herbaceous plant growth under shade or in full sunlight (Wilson, 1996).…”

Section: Forage Growth Under Tree Canopymentioning

confidence: 94%

Modeling forage growth in a Midwest USA silvopastoral system

et al. 2006

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Tree effects on understory pasture growth in a silvopastoral system were modeled by explicit simulation of tree canopy light and rainfall interception, evapotranspiration, and nutrient uptake. The algorithms to model these effects were incorporated into a multispecies grazing simulation model, GRASIM, to form the Silvopasture GRASIM model (SGRASIM). The new model was evaluated using forage biomass data and soil moisture data collected from a silvopasture field experiment with black walnut (Juglans nigra L.). The SGRASIM model performed well in simulating the growth of three competing dominant forage species (orchardgrass [Dactylis glomerata L.], Kentucky bluegrass [Poa pratensis L.], and tall fescue [Festuca arundinacea (Schreb.)] in the pasture both under tree canopy and in open pasture (linear regression of observed on simulated biomass for the species gave r 2 values above 0.97).Model growth parameters for forage under tree canopy, compared with those for an open pasture, bear testament to the shading effects from the forest canopy in terms of reduced photosynthetic efficiency, increased leaf area ratio, and photosynthate partitioned to aboveground biomass. The new model reasonably followed the soil moisture time series in the upper soil layer (0-30 cm), where the bulk of the forage roots reside.

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Shade Tolerance of Grass and Legume Germplasm for Use in the Southern Forest Range

Cited by 21 publications

References 2 publications

Yield, maturation, and forage quality of alfalfa in a black walnut alley-cropping practice

Yield, maturation, and forage quality of alfalfa in a black walnut alley-cropping practice

Response of the Florida legume Galactia elliottii to shade

Modeling forage growth in a Midwest USA silvopastoral system

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