Shade and microbes enhance drought stress tolerance in plants by inducing phytohormones at molecular levels: a review

Abstract

Plants are exposed to several adverse environmental effects during their life span. Among them drought stress is one of the major threats to agricultural productivity. In order to survive in such unstable environment, plants have developed mechanisms through which they recognize the severity of the stress based on the incoming environmental stimuli. To combat the detrimental effects of drought, the plants use various strategies to modulate their physio-hormonal attributes. They can be modulated by shade and microbes, which process can enhances drought tolerance and reduce yield loss. Plant hormones, such as abscisic acid, auxin and ethylene have a major role in the shade- and microbe-associated improvement of drought tolerance through their effects on various metabolic pathways. In this process, the CLAVATA3/EMBRYOSURROUNDING REGION-RELATED 25 peptide has a major role due to its effect on ABA synthesis as shown in our regulatory model.

Harnessing nanobiotechnology for drought stress: transforming agriculture's future; what, why and how?

“…This, in turn, gives rise to an imbalance in ionic concentrations and has serious adverse effects on cell membranes and other cellular processes. 24,27 The gradual exposure of plants to drought stress induces the production of ROS such as OH, O 2 , O 2− , and H 2 O 2 . These ROS contribute to lipid oxidation, disrupt cellular metabolism, and affect the function of lipids, proteins, and macromolecules.…”

Nano‐enabled stress‐smart agriculture: Can nanotechnology deliver drought and salinity‐smart crops?

“…Moreover, drought stress upregulates the alternative oxidase pathway and triggers the activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide‐malate dehydrogenase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate‐malate dehydrogenase (Ahmad Lone et al, 2022). Furthermore, drought stress frequently disrupts RWC in plants leading to oxidative and osmotic stress resulting in ionic inequity and severe injury to cell membranes and other in planta cellular functions (Asghar et al, 2022; Cooper & Messina, 2023). Gradual exposure to drought stress triggers ROS generation, including hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, superoxide anion free radical and H 2 O 2 , which increase lipid peroxidation, interfering with cellular metabolism by being detrimental to the functionality of proteins, lipids and macromolecules (Ayyaz et al, 2021; Pandey et al, 2022; Raza, Mubarik, et al, 2023).…”

Biochar-Mediated Control of Metabolites and Other Physiological Responses in Water-Stressed Leptocohloa fusca

“…These environmental stresses substantially reduce plant productivity and development in many ways [1]. Drought is one of the abiotic stressors that has deleterious effects on plant developmental processes [2,3]. Under abiotic stress, plants undergo a series of changes from morphophysiological to biochemical alterations.…”