SGTP: Smart Grid Transport Protocol for secure reliable delivery of periodic real time data

Abstract

Amyloid‐β peptide (Aβ) is the principal constituent of plaques associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is thought to be responsible for the neurotoxicity associated with the disease. Copper binding to Aβ has been hypothesized to play an important role in the neruotoxicity of Aβ and free radical damage, and Cu2+ chelators represent a possible therapy for AD. However, many properties of copper binding to Aβ have not been elucidated clearly, and the location of copper binding sites on Aβ is also in controversy. Here we have used a range of spectroscopic techniques to characterize the coordination of Cu2+ to Aβ(1–16) in solution. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry shows that copper binds to Aβ(1–16) at pH 6.0 and 7.0. The mode of copper binding is highly pH dependent. Circular dichroism results indicate that copper chelation causes a structural transition of Aβ(1–16). UV‐visible absorption spectra suggest that three nitrogen donor ligands and one oxygen donor ligand (3N1O) in Aβ(1–16) may form a type II square‐planar coordination geometry with Cu2+. By means of fluorescence spectroscopy, competition studies with glycine and L‐histidine show that copper binds to Aβ(1–16) with an affinity of Ka ∼ 107M–1 at pH 7.8. Besides His6, His13, and His14, Tyr10 is also involved in the coordination of Aβ(1–16) with Cu2+, which is supported by 1H NMR and UV‐visible absorption spectra. Evidence for the link between Cu2+ and AD is growing, and this work has made a significant contribution to understanding the mode of copper binding to Aβ(1–16) in solution. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 83: 20–31, 2006 This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com

Optimal Resource Allocation for LTE Uplink Scheduling in Smart Grid Communications

“…In many countries, data fiber network, synchronous optical network (SONET), supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) network, etc., are being deployed in current smart grid WANs [2]. However, the smart grid WAN is still unsatisfactory in some aspects, such as lack of common backhaul medium for data communication.…”

Performance Optimization of Network Protocols for IEEE 802.11s-based Smart Grid Communications

“…different than the ETE delay) [17] [18]. The work in [17] focuses on the reliability and throughput performance of TCP in a largescale setting.…”

“…The main goal is to aggregate the TCP traffic from SMs at certain regional aggregators. The domain of the work in [18] is the monitoring aspect of the SG. Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) which are sent real-time are considered as the data traffic sources.…”

“…Although a variety of optimization protocol improvements have been proposed for wireless network, some of which may involve cross-layer optimizations [15,16,10], these improved protocols may not adequate when they are implemented for SG communications network due to the specific SG requirements in terms of Reliability, Security, and Privacy. Even though there have been some initiatives to improve the TCP/IP protocol for SG wireless communications network in recent years, but the works are limited to the routing protocols for SG [4] and only few works on other TCP/IP protocol layers [17,18]. Therefore, it is imperative to identify protocol operations in each TCP/IP protocol stack that can contribute to the performance degradation of IEEE 802.11s-based SG communications network and propose novel or improved approaches.…”