Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, and Infertility: An Epidemiologic Update

Cates, Willard; Rolfs, Robert T.; Aral, Sevgi O.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036054

Cited by 233 publications

(103 citation statements)

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“…The most serious long term sequelae in women are pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility and cervical cancer, the latter of which may lead to maternal death. 6 The prevalence of STIs increases the risk of the acquiring and transmitting HIV infections by three to five times. 7 In Nepal, women are reluctant to seek medical treatment because of lack of privacy, lack of female doctor at the health facility and higher cost of treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive tract infections among women attending gynaecology outpatient department

Bohara¹,

Joshi

Lekhak³

et al. 2012

Int J Infection & Microbiol

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BACKGROUND:Women often suffer silently with reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and sexually active young women are particularly susceptible to sexually transmitted Infections (STIs). The study aimed to know the prevalence of reproductive tract infections among married women attending Gynecological Outpatients Department of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Kathmandu, Nepal. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A hospital based crosssectional design was used to investigate RTIs among women attending outpatients department of Gynae and Obstetrics, TUTH from July to November, 2006. A total of 208 samples from 104 women were examined microscopically and culture using standard microbial technique to investigate etiological agents of RTIs. Study samples were selected and examined on the basis of either having discharge or complaints of lower abdominal pain. RESULTS:A total of 208 samples collected from 104 patients were examined and 26% samples were positive for different causative agents of RTIs. Thirty percent of women reported having symptoms related to RTIs and was common in young married women. Nineteen percent had STIs. Thirteen percent had trichomonasis and 7% had gonorrhoea identified in Gram stained smears and cultures. Many women had endogenous RTIs. Bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed in 15% and vaginal candidiasis in 25% of women. CONCLUSIONS:Yong married women have a high prevalence of RTIs. Education and outreach programs are needed to reduce embarrassment and lack of knowledge related to RTIs. The low socio-economic status of women appears to have influence on high rate of infections.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive tract infections among women attending gynaecology outpatient department

Bohara¹,

Joshi

Lekhak³

et al. 2012

Int J Infection & Microbiol

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“…7 Eradication of genital chlamydial infections would eliminate an estimated 80% of tubal factor infertility and 50% of tubal pregnancies. 8 The sociodemographic factor most strongly associated with chlamydial infection in women is young age (Ͻ20 years old). 9 -13 The guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend testing all sexually active adolescent females for chlamydia regardless of other risk factors.…”

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confidence: 99%

Testing for Chlamydia and Sexual History Taking in Adolescent Females: Results From a Statewide Survey of Colorado Primary Care Providers

et al. 2000

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ABSTRACT. Objectives. Little is known about the practice patterns of primary care providers as they relate to assessing risk of and screening for chlamydial infections, an important cause of preventable reproductive morbidity in young women in the United States. The present cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess levels of chlamydia testing, sexual history taking, and prevention practices by Colorado primary care physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants who provide gynecologic care to adolescent females (13-19 years old).Methods. Between July 1998 and October 1998, an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was mailed to a 25% random sample (n ‫؍‬ 1265) of Colorado physicians (family practitioners, internal medicine specialists, obstetrician-gynecologists, and pediatricians), nurse practitioners, and physician assistants. Practitioners were identified through professional organization membership, state-licensing bodies, and listings in the yellow pages.Results. After estimating the eligibility rate among nonrespondents, the adjusted response rate was 71.5%. Only 53.8% of providers reported regularly testing sexually active female adolescents for chlamydia; 71.8% of providers regularly took a sexual history. Female providers reported significantly higher levels of regularly taking a sexual history (87.2% vs 60.6% of males), feeling comfortable discussing sex (94.4% vs 77.8%), discussing sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention (81.5% vs 71.3%), and testing for chlamydia (64.4% vs 38.6%). Among provider types, obstetrician-gynecologists, nurse practitioners, and pediatricians were most likely to report regularly taking a sexual history (90.1%, 88.6%, and 76.0%, respectively). Internal medicine specialists were the least likely to report taking a sexual history (43.9%). Pediatricians and nurse practitioners were the most likely to report testing sexually active adolescent females for chlamydia (74.1% and 70.1%, respectively), whereas physician assistants and internal medicine specialists were the least likely (46.0% and 38.5%, respectively).In multivariate analysis, variables independently associated with regularly taking a sexual history included female provider gender (odds ratio [OR]: 5.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.9 -10.9), obstetrics/gynecology specialty (OR: 4.0; 95% CI: 1.7-10.3; referent group: family practitioners), and provider comfort level in discussing sex (OR: 4.9; 95% CI: 2.3-11

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“…Figure 15 shows the relationships that are assumed to exist between chlamydial infection in the endocervix and complications in the upper genital tract. The progression of genital chlamydial disease can be conceptualised as a process with a 'two-phase temporal lag' [124], first from chlamydia to PID and then from PID to reproductive complications or chronic pelvic pain. Infection and pathological processes in fallopian tube cells are assumed to be necessary for progression to infertility and ectopic pregnancy [125].…”

Section: Reproductive Tract Complications Of Chlamydia Infection In Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Smooth muscle contraction during sexual intercourse, retrograde menstruation and haematogenous spread have all been suggested [124,127].…”

Section: Pathogenesis and Timing Of Pid And Tubal Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Opportunistic testing for urogenital infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in south-western Switzerland, 2012: a feasibility study

et al. 2015

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The feasibility of opportunistic screening of urogenital infections with Chlamydia trachomatis was assessed in a cross-sectional study in 2012, in two cantons of south-western Switzerland: Vaud and Valais. Sexually active persons younger than?30 years, not tested for C. trachomatis in the last three months, were invited for free C. trachomatis testing by PCR in urine or self-applied vaginal swabs. Of 2,461 consenting participants, 1,899 (77%) were women and all but six (0.3%) submitted a sample. Forty-seven per cent of female and 25% of male participants were?younger than?20 years. Overall, 134 (5.5%) of 2,455 tested participants had a positive result and were followed up. Seven per cent of all candidates for screening were not invited, 10% of invited candidates were not eligible, 15% of the eligible candidates declined participation, 5% of tested participants testing positive were not treated, 29% of those treated were not retested after six months and 9% of those retested were positive for C. trachomatis. Opportunistic C. trachomatis testing proved technically feasible and acceptable, at least if free of charge. Men and peripheral rural regions were more difficult to reach. Efforts to increase testing and decrease dropout at all stages of the screening procedure are necessary.

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, and Infertility: An Epidemiologic Update

Cited by 233 publications

References 0 publications

Reproductive tract infections among women attending gynaecology outpatient department

Reproductive tract infections among women attending gynaecology outpatient department

Testing for Chlamydia and Sexual History Taking in Adolescent Females: Results From a Statewide Survey of Colorado Primary Care Providers

Opportunistic testing for urogenital infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in south-western Switzerland, 2012: a feasibility study

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